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. 2025 Jul;26(3):468-482.
doi: 10.1177/15248380241282993. Epub 2024 Oct 1.

Cognitive Impairment as A Vulnerability for Exploitation: A Scoping Review

Imogen Lambert  1 , Nicola Wright  1 , Alison Gardner  1 , Rachel Fyson  1 , Aisha Abubakar  1 , Rachael Clawson  1
Affiliations

Cognitive Impairment as A Vulnerability for Exploitation: A Scoping Review

Imogen Lambert et al. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2025 Jul.

Abstract

Exploitation is a form of abuse that occurs when one person unfairly manipulates another for profit or personal gain. Various individual and social characteristics have the potential to increase an individual's risk of being exploited. Cognitive impairment is one potential vulnerability factor that has received minimal research attention. This scoping review aimed to investigate cognitive impairment as a factor that may increase an individual's vulnerability to exploitation. Study inclusion criteria were: (a) empirical studies; (b) studies presenting extractable data related to cognitive impairment and exploitation; (c) studies exploring cognitive impairment as a vulnerability factor for exploitation; (d) studies published after 1998; and (e) studies available in English. A six-step search strategy was employed: (a) electronic searches of bibliographic databases; (b) screening reference lists of included studies; (c) forward citation tracking in Google Scholar; (d) expert recommendations; (e) website searches of relevant Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs); and (f) a call for evidence. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Three types of exploitation were reported: sexual (n = 10), financial (n = 8), and criminal (n = 2). Intellectual disability (n = 8) and mental health (n = 8) were the most frequently described forms of cognitive impairment. The results indicate that cognitive impairment is a factor that increases vulnerability to exploitation. However, the limited number and disparate nature of the studies means that it is impossible to disentangle all the complexities in the relationship between cognitive impairment and exploitation. Further research is needed to understand if cognitive impairment increases vulnerability to all types of exploitation or if it results in varying levels of susceptibility to different types of exploitation.

Keywords: PTSD; child abuse; cultural contexts; elder abuse; prostitution/sex work; sexual abuse; sexual assault.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

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