Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2024 Dec:91:102494.
doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2024.102494. Epub 2024 Oct 1.

Role of allergen immunotherapy and biologics in allergic diseases

Xiaoying Zhou  1 , Elisabeth M Simonin  1 , Youn S Jung  1 , Stephen J Galli  2 , Kari C Nadeau  3
Affiliations
Review

Role of allergen immunotherapy and biologics in allergic diseases

Xiaoying Zhou et al. Curr Opin Immunol. 2024 Dec.

Abstract

The rise in the prevalence of allergic diseases has become a global health burden. Allergic diseases are a group of immune-mediated disorders characterized by IgE-mediated conditions resulting from a type 2 helper T cell (Th2)-skewed immune response. This review aims to comprehensively summarize recent research on the roles of allergen immunotherapy (AIT) and biologics in allergic diseases. Specifically, we review the mechanisms of AIT and biologics in modulating innate and adaptive immunity involved in allergic disease pathogenesis, as well as their safety and efficacy in the treatment of allergic diseases. We also discuss current new AIT strategies such as recombinant allergen-based vaccines and allergen extract nanoencapsulation. Further research is needed to understand immune tolerance mechanisms beyond the Th2 pathway and to characterize immunological changes in responders and nonresponders to AIT or biologics. This additional research may uncover new targets for monitoring treatment responses and developing personalized treatment strategies for allergic diseases.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of Competing Interest Dr. Nadeau reports grants from National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), and Food Allergy Research & Education (FARE); Stock options from IgGenix, Seed Health, ClostraBio, Cour, Alladapt; Advisor at Cour Pharma; Consultant for Excellergy, Red tree ventures, Before Brands, Alladapt, Cour, Latitude, Regeneron, and IgGenix; Co-founder of Before Brands, Alladapt, Latitude, and IgGenix; National Scientific Committee member at Immune Tolerance Network (ITN), and National Institutes of Health (NIH) clinical research centers; patents include ‘Mixed allergen com-position and methods for using the same,’ ‘Granulocyte-based methods for detecting and monitoring immune system disorders,’ and ‘Methods and Assays for Detecting and Quantifying Pure Subpopulations of White Blood Cells in Immune System Disorders.’ The other authors have no conflicts of interest to report.

Figures

Figure 1:
Figure 1:. Mechanisms of immune tolerance induced by AIT and mechanisms of biologics targeting type-2 immunity.
DC, dendritic cell; Th2, T helper 2 cell; ILC2, type 2 innate lymphoid cells; NK cells, natural killer cells; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; IL, interleukin; Ig, Immunoglobulin; Rα, receptor alpha; FasL, Fas ligand; KLRG1, Killer cell lectin-like receptor G1.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Backman H, Raisanen P, Hedman L, Stridsman C, Andersson M, Lindberg A, Lundback B, Ronmark E: Increased prevalence of allergic asthma from 1996 to 2006 and further to 2016-results from three population surveys. Clin Exp Allergy 2017, 47:1426–1435. - PubMed
    1. Nur Husna SM, Tan HT, Md Shukri N, Mohd Ashari NS, Wong KK: Allergic Rhinitis: A Clinical and Pathophysiological Overview. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022, 9:874114. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Shin YH, Hwang J, Kwon R, Lee SW, Kim MS, Collaborators GBDAD, Shin JI, Yon DK: Global, regional, and national burden of allergic disorders and their risk factors in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Allergy 2023, 78:2232–2254. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Gupta R, Marvel J, Tassinari P, Mnif T, Hleyhel M, Vincent B, Worm M, Fiocchi A: GLOBAL PREVALENCE OF PEDIATRIC AND ADULT IGE-MEDIATED FOOD ALLERGIES: Results: FROM THE ASSESS FA STUDY. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology 2023, 131:S7–S8.
    1. Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Hu L, Liu J, Wang L, Wang T, Zhang H, Cong L, Wang Q: Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023, 8:138. - PMC - PubMed