Biocatalytic Ether Lipid Synthesis by an Archaeal Glycerolprenylase

Abstract

Although ethers are common in secondary natural products, they are an underrepresented functional group in primary metabolism. As such, there are comparably few enzymes capable of constructing ether bonds in a general fashion. However, such enzymes are highly sought after for synthetic applications as they typically operate with higher regioselectivity and under milder conditions than traditional organochemical approaches. To expand the repertoire of well characterized ether synthases, we herein report on a promiscuous archaeal prenyltransferase from the scarcely researched family of geranylgeranylglyceryl phosphate synthases (GGGPSs or G₃PSs). We show that the ultrastable Archaeoglobus fulgidus G₃PS makes various (E)- and (Z)-configured prenyl glycerol ethers from the corresponding pyrophosphates while exerting perfect control over the configuration at the glycerol unit. Based on experimental and computational data, we propose a mechanism for this enzyme which involves an intermediary prenyl carbocation equivalent. As such, this study provides the fundamental understanding and methods to introduce G₃PSs into the biocatalytic alkylation toolbox.

Keywords: assays; biocatalysis; enzyme mechanisms; ethers; pyrophosphate.