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. 2024 Oct 1;7(10):e2437388.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.37388.

Time to COVID-19 Vaccination by Language and Country of Origin

Margaret B Nolan  1 , Ella Chrenka  1 , Malini B DeSilva  1
Affiliations

Time to COVID-19 Vaccination by Language and Country of Origin

Margaret B Nolan et al. JAMA Netw Open. .

Abstract

Importance: Disparities in COVID-19 vaccination rates by race and ethnicity are well documented. Less is known about primary language and COVID-19 vaccine uptake.

Objective: To describe the time to COVID-19 primary series vaccination and booster doses by primary language and country of origin.

Design, setting, and participants: This retrospective cohort study included patients aged 6 months or older with at least 1 health encounter from July 1, 2019, to June 30, 2023, at a single health care system serving patients across Minnesota and western Wisconsin.

Exposure: Primary language and country of origin documented in the electronic health record.

Main outcomes and measures: Three COVID-19 vaccine coverage outcomes were evaluated: (1) primary series (1 Ad26.COV.S vaccine or 2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccines), (2) first-generation booster (primary series Ad26.COV.S vaccine plus 1 Ad26.COV.S or mRNA COVID-19 vaccine at least 2 months after the second dose or primary series mRNA vaccine plus 1 mRNA vaccine at least 5 months after the second dose), and (3) bivalent booster. Vaccine coverage was described by patient characteristics. Associations of primary language, race and ethnicity, and other patient characteristics with COVID-19 vaccine uptake were evaluated using time-to-event analysis in multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models, and adjusted hazard ratios (AHRs) with 95% CIs were reported.

Results: There were 1 001 235 patients included (53.7% female). Most patients reported English as a primary language (94.1%) and were born in the US (91.8%). Primary series coverage was 63.7%; first-generation booster coverage, 64.4%; and bivalent booster coverage, 39.5%. Coverage for all outcomes was lower among those with a non-English primary language compared with English as the primary language (56.9% vs 64.1% for primary series; 47.5% vs 65.3% for first-generation booster; 26.2% vs 40.3% for bivalent booster). Those with a non-English primary language had lower COVID-19 vaccine uptake for the primary series (AHR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.84-0.86), first-generation booster (AHR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.73-0.75), and bivalent booster (AHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.64-0.67) compared with patients with English as their primary language. Non-US-born patients had higher primary series uptake compared with US-born patients (AHR, 1.19; 95% CI, 1.18-1.20) but similar first-generation booster (AHR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.99-1.02) and bivalent booster (AHR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.98-1.02) uptake.

Conclusions and relevance: In this retrospective cohort study, patients with a non-English primary language had both lower coverage and delays in receiving COVID-19 vaccines compared with those with English as their primary language. Reporting on language may identify health disparities that can be addressed with language-specific interventions.

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Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of Interest Disclosures: None reported.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.. Kaplan-Meier Curves Comparing Age-Adjusted Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines by Language and Country of Origin
Figure 2.
Figure 2.. Kaplan-Meier Curves Comparing Age-Adjusted Uptake of COVID-19 Vaccines by the 5 Most Commonly Reported Languages
Adjusted for patient sex, age, race and ethnicity, country of origin (US vs non-US), immunocompromised status, and insurance type.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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