Human iPSC-based disease modeling studies identify a common mechanistic defect and potential therapies for AMD and related macular dystrophies

Abstract

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and related macular dystrophies (MDs) primarily affect the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in the eye. A hallmark of AMD/MDs that drives later-stage pathologies is drusen. Drusen are sub-RPE lipid-protein-rich extracellular deposits, but how drusen forms and accumulates is not known. We utilized human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived RPE from patients with AMD and three distinct MDs to demonstrate that reduced activity of RPE-secreted matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) contributes to drusen in multiple maculopathies in a genotype-agnostic manner by instigating sterile inflammation and impaired lipid homeostasis via damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP)-mediated activation of receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and increased secretory phospholipase 2-IIA (sPLA2-IIA) levels. Therapeutically, RPE-specific MMP2 supplementation, RAGE-antagonistic peptide, and a small molecule inhibitor of sPLA2-IIA ameliorated drusen accumulation in AMD/MD iPSC-RPE. Ultimately, this study defines a causal role of the MMP2-DAMP-RAGE-sPLA2-IIA axis in AMD/MDs.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01782989.

Keywords: ADRD; DHRD; Doyne honeycomb macular dystrophy; SFD; Sorsby’s fundus dystrophy; age-related macular degeneration; autosomal dominant radial drusen; drusen; macular dystrophy; matrix metalloproteinase 2; retinal pigment epithelium; sterile inflammation; tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 3.