Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors: a therapeutic option for controlling blood pressure associated with delayed cognitive processing speed

Abstract

Antihypertensive treatment (AT) is essential for preventing hypertension-related cognitive decline. The goals of this observational study were to compare cognitive performance (CP) between non-hypertensive (NH) volunteers and hypertensive patients and to evaluate the correlation between CP and antihypertensive drugs (AHD). Three groups were constituted: NH (n = 30) [group 1], hypertensive with systolic blood pressure (SBP) < 140 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) < 90 mmHg (n = 54) [group 2] and hypertensive with SBP ≥ 140 or DBP ≥ 90 (n = 31) [group 3]. To analyze the cognitive domains, a neuropsychological battery was applied and the raw performance values in these tests were transformed into z-scores. The domain was considered impaired if it presented a z-score below -1.5 SD. Compared to group 1, both groups of hypertensive were older (51 [ ± 12] years) and showed a worse CP in episodic memory (p = 0.014), language (p = 0.003) and processing speed (PS) [p = 0.05]. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) were the most used AHD (46.3%, p = 0.01 [group 2] and 64.5%, p = 0.005 [group 3]) and showed correlations with PS. Linear regression models revealed a negative association of PS with the use of ACEi (β = -0.230, p = 0.004), but not with the use of ARB (β = 0.208, p = 0.008). The effect of AT on cognition appears to go beyond the search for lower blood pressure targets and also includes the mechanism of action of AHD on the brain, so that additional benefits may possibly be achieved with simple adaptations in the treatment regimen, particularly in patients without clinically manifest cognitive impairment.