Uptake of biosimilars in China: a retrospective analysis of the case of trastuzumab from 2018 to 2023

Abstract

Background: The Chinese biosimilar industry has demonstrated rapid growth in recent years. Limited evidence is available about biosimilar uptake at the national level. This study aimed to assess biosimilar uptake in the case of trastuzumab and to explore potential factors influencing the biosimilar penetration at national and provincial levels.

Methods: This study employed an interrupted time series analysis to assess the level and trend changes of national trastuzumab originator consumption and the overall trastuzumab consumption after the price reduction of the originator and the introduction of the first biosimilar using the China Hospital Pharmacy Audit procurement data from March 2018 to February 2023. A latent class trajectory model (LCTM) was also adopted to estimate the biosimilar penetration across 30 provincial-level administrative divisions (PLADs). Based on the LCTM grouping results, provincial characteristics were analyzed.

Results: After rapid growth, the penetration of biosimilars demonstrated a moderate ascending trend at the national level, reaching 27% in February 2023. Following the introduction of the first biosimilar in July 2021, the consumption of the originator decreased by 0.5% per month (P = 0.008), and the growth rate of overall trastuzumab consumption decreased by 1.1% per month (P = 0.014). LCTM fit the best when the number of trajectory classes was two, dividing 30 PLADs into a group demonstrating a faster increase in biosimilar penetration and the other with a slower increase. The PLADs in the fast-increasing group had a higher proportion of the population covered by the national basic health insurance, a lower proportion of the urban population, a lower proportion of the population covered by the urban employee health insurance program, a lower gross domestic product per capita, a lower total health expenditure per capita, and a lower out-of-pocket expenditure.

Conclusions: The uptake of trastuzumab biosimilars in China was lower compared with major European countries. The introduction of trastuzumab biosimilars presented a substitutional effect. Perceptions of physicians and patients, the medicines procurement model, competition from other biologics, and health insurance payment methods may influence biosimilar uptake. Enhancing a comprehensive understanding of biosimilars among physicians and patients, including biologics with biosimilars in the national pooled procurement, and implementing provider payment reforms could foster biosimilar penetration.

Keywords: Biosimilars; Market competitions; Market dynamics; Trastuzumab; Uptake.

Fig. 1

Trastuzumab monthly consumption and biosimilar penetration at the national level

Fig. 2

a ITS regression of trastuzumab originator monthly consumption volume at the national level. b ITS regression of overall trastuzumab monthly consumption volume at the national level

Fig. 3

Class-specific mean predicted trajectory. Notes: The scatters are the actual mean consumption volume, the solid line is the fitting curve, and the dotted line area is the 95% confidence interval

Fig. 4

Thermal map of demographic and socio-economic characteristics of 30 PLADs in two trajectory classes. Notes: GDP = gross domestic product; THE = total health expenditure; OOP = proportionate out-of-pocket expenditure