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. 2024 Jan-Mar;20(1):39-44.
doi: 10.4183/aeb.2024.39. Epub 2024 Oct 3.

THE IMPACT OF PATIENT ANXIETY AND PAIN PERCEPTION ON THE ADEQUACY OF THYROID FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY SAMPLES: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

M C Şenoymak  1 , N H Erbatur  1 , I Engin  1 , A Yönem  1
Affiliations

THE IMPACT OF PATIENT ANXIETY AND PAIN PERCEPTION ON THE ADEQUACY OF THYROID FINE-NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY SAMPLES: A PROSPECTIVE STUDY

M C Şenoymak et al. Acta Endocrinol (Buchar). 2024 Jan-Mar.

Abstract

Background: Fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is the most accurate diagnostic method to assess the malignancy risk of thyroid nodules. However, non-diagnostic results may delay diagnosis, cause unnecessary interventions, and distress patients.

Aim: We aimed to determine whether a correlation exists between patients' situational anxiety, pain perception and non-diagnostic cytology results.

Methods: The prospective study included patients who underwent thyroid FNAB at the Endocrinology Clinic of Sultan Abdulhamid Training and Research Hospital between 11/2022 and 02/2023. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) questionnaire and visual analogue scale (VAS) assessed situational anxiety and pain in patients undergoing biopsy procedures. We evaluated whether the STAI-S and VAS score is related to non-diagnostic results.

Results: Of the 119 patients included in the study, 98 were female, and 21 were male. 25 (21%) nodules were non-diagnostic. The patients' mean STAI-S score before the biopsy was 47.31±12.37, and the mean VAS score after the thyroid biopsy was 2.57±1.51. A statistically significant relation was found between the patient's STAI-S score and VAS score and the cytology result of non-diagnostic (p= 0.001 and p=0.008). In univariate logistic regression, high pre-procedural anxiety (OR:3.09, 95% CI:1.07-8.94, P =0.037) and VAS score (OR:1.57, 95% CI: 1.17-2.10, P =0.002) were associated with non-diagnostic cytology. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, VAS score (OR: 1.59, 95% CI: 1.07-2.34, p=0.019) was still an independent factor related to specimen adequacy.

Conclusions: Anxiety level and pain perception during FNAB may be considered risk factors for non-diagnostic cytology. Thus, reducing anxiety and pain may decrease the incidence of non-diagnostic outcomes.

Keywords: anxiety; cytology; fine needle biopsy; pain; thyroid nodule.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Relation between the patient's STAI-S score and VAS score and the pathology result of non-diagnostic thyroid nodules.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Correlation between STAI-S (Situational State-Trait Anxiety Inventory) and VAS (visual analog scale) pain scores.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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