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. 2024 Oct 7;17(1):143.
doi: 10.1186/s12245-024-00731-0.

Sex and 30-day survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Scotland 2011-2020

Laura A E Bijman  1   2 , Sarah H Wild  3 , Gareth Clegg  3   4 , Nynke Halbesma  3   4
Affiliations

Sex and 30-day survival following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in Scotland 2011-2020

Laura A E Bijman et al. Int J Emerg Med. .

Abstract

Background: Differences in 30-day survival between males and females following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) are well documented. Biological sex does not appear to be responsible for this survival gap independently of potential mediating factors. We investigated the role of potential mediating factors in the association between sex and 30-day survival after OHCA in Scotland.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of adult non-emergency medical services (EMS)-witnessed OHCA cases was conducted. We included incidents from the whole of Scotland where resuscitation was attempted by the Scottish Ambulance Service (SAS) between April 1, 2011 and March 1, 2020. Logistic regression was used to assess the contribution of age, socioeconomic status, urban-rural location of the incident, initial cardiac rhythm, bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and location of the arrest (home or away from home).

Results: The cohort consisted of 20,585 OHCA cases (13,130 males and 7,455 females). Median (IQR) age was 69 years (22) for males versus 72 years (23) for females. A higher proportion of males presented with initial shockable rhythm (29.4% versus 12.4%) and received bystander CPR (56.7% versus 53.2%) compared with females. A higher proportion of females experienced OHCA at home (78.8% versus 66.8%). Thirty-day survival after OHCA was higher for males compared with females (8.2% versus 6.2%). Males had higher age-adjusted odds for 30-day survival after OHCA than females (OR, 1.26; (95% CI), 1.12-1.41). Mediation analyses suggested a role for initial cardiac rhythm and location of the arrest (home or away from home).

Conclusion: Males had higher age-adjusted 30-day survival after OHCA than females. However, after adjusting for confounding/mediating variables, sex was not associated with 30-day survival after OHCA. Our findings suggest that initial cardiac rhythm and location of the arrest are potential mediators of higher 30-day OHCA survival in males than females. Improving proportions of females who present with initial shockable rhythm may reduce sex differences in survival after OHCA.

Keywords: Cardiac arrest; Cardiopulmonary resuscitation; Gender; Out-of-hospital; Sex; Survival.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Consort diagram showing the in- and exclusion process of cases
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Data collection and linking process to create a cohort containing OHCA cases where resuscitation was attempted by EMS during 2011–2020 in Scotland
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plot showing odds ratios for 30-day survival following OHCA where resuscitation was attempted by EMS for males compared to females in Scotland 2011–2020 estimated from different logistic regression models
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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