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. 2024 Sep 3;16(9):e68520.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.68520. eCollection 2024 Sep.

A Cross-Sectional Study of the A1 Phenotype in the Colombian Caribbean: A Shadow Behind Pulmonary Embolism

Luis Fernando Saldarriaga Osuna  1 , Felipe A Muñoz Rossi  2 , Adrián Diaz  3 , Melisa Núñez De Larosa  4 , Edgar Dario Mosquera López  5 , Maria Clara Mejia Fajardo  6 , Alba Del Pilar Rodriguez Cortes  2 , Jonathan H Coronel Arauz  7 , Antonio J Reche Martinez  8 , Natividad Rico Rios  9
Affiliations

A Cross-Sectional Study of the A1 Phenotype in the Colombian Caribbean: A Shadow Behind Pulmonary Embolism

Luis Fernando Saldarriaga Osuna et al. Cureus. .

Abstract

Introduction: Venous thromboembolic disease (VTE) is an episodic condition of multifactorial origin, commonly manifesting as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). VTE is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. As an acute condition, it has the potential for recurrence and is associated with major consequences; this disease poses significant challenges to the healthcare system. VTE is a widespread concern in developed and developing countries; therefore, it is not limited to specific regions or populations.

Objectives: To evaluate the risk factors associated with unprovoked PE in patients in a hospital center in Sincelejo, Colombia.

Methods: This is an observational, analytical cross-sectional study utilizing retrospective data. From 2010 to 2023, we reviewed 126 medical records of patients who experienced their first unprovoked VTE events and met the inclusion criteria. We performed data analysis using R software version 3.5.1.

Results: Of the patients, 36.5% (n = 46) were women; 63.5% (n = 80) were men, with a mean age of 62.22 years (SD = 10.62). About 53% of women presented with PE, compared to 47% of men. The coagulation factor VIII acted as a PE risk factor (p = 0.098). The best model to predict PE development obtained an Akaike information criterion (AIC) of 176.67, indicating that the A1 positive phenotype is the risk factor with the highest prediction for PE occurrence.

Conclusions: High levels of coagulation factor VIII and an A1-positive phenotype are risk factors that may increase PE development. These findings suggest the need for preventive strategies in this risk setting to reduce the incidence and recurrence of PE.

Keywords: blood abo group; deep venous thrombosis (dvt); pulomary embolism; venous thromboembolism (vte); venous thrombosis (ijv).

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Conflict of interest statement

Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Box plot: pulmonary embolism and age, grouped by gender
Figure 2
Figure 2. Box plot: venous thromboembolism and age
Figure 3
Figure 3. Confusion matrix
TP: true positives; TN: true negatives; FP: false positives; FN: false negatives; PE: pulmonary embolism
Figure 4
Figure 4. Pie chart: the relationship between pulmonary embolism and the A1 phenotype
Figure 5
Figure 5. A1 phenotype and gender
The X-axis refers to the “gender” of the subjects studied, and the Y-axis represents the “percentages” corresponding to the categories of venous thromboembolism (VTE). The A1 phenotype's presence or absence divides the subjects into two groups.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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