Applications of nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity for the detection of phytochemicals and hazardous substances in plant samples

Abstract

Plants such as herbs, vegetables, fruits, and cereals are closely related to human life. Developing effective testing methods to ensure their safety and quantify their active components are of significant importance. Recently, nanomaterials with enzyme-like activity (known as nanozymes) have been widely developed in various assays, including colorimetric, fluorescence, chemiluminescence, and electrochemical analysis. This review presents the latest advances in analyzing phytochemicals and hazardous substances in plant samples based on nanozymes, including some active ingredients, organophosphorus pesticides, heavy metal ions, and mycotoxins. Additionally, the current shortcomings and challenges of the actual sample analysis were discussed.

Keywords: Hazardous substances; Nanozymes; Phytochemicals; Plant samples.

Fig. 1

Review of nanozymes-based detection of phytochemicals and hazardous substances in plants

Fig. 2

Schematic diagram of detecting GA based on N-Mn₃O₄ NSs. Reprinted with permission from [28]

Fig. 3

Schematic mechanism for dual-mode detection of TA based on the CuS HNC probe. Reprinted with permission from [35]

Fig. 4

Schematic diagram of detecting antioxidants based on CoOOH nanoring. Reprinted with permission from [37]

Fig. 5

Schematic diagram of CL of luminol based on CTF-1. Reprinted with permission from [47]

Fig. 6

Schematic diagram of detecting atropine based on Fe₃O₄@MOFs. Reprinted with permission from [48]

Fig. 7

Schematic diagram of preparing MIP@PDA/CuO NPs (A) and detecting AS-IV (B). Reprinted with permission from [51]

Fig. 8

Schematic diagram of detecting four licorice active substances based on the colorimetric sensor array. Reprinted with permission from [56]

Fig. 9

Schematic diagram of detecting As (III) based on octahedral Mn₃O₄ NPs. Reprinted with permission from [59]

Fig. 10

Schematic diagram of detecting Pb.²⁺ based on DNAzyme and porph@MOF. Reprinted with permission from [65]

Fig. 11

Schematic diagram of multimode detecting AFB1. Reprinted with permission from [90]

Fig. 12

Schematic diagram of multi-colorimetric detecting OTA. Reprinted with permission from [110]