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. 2024 Oct 11;19(10):e0309552.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309552. eCollection 2024.

Exploring the reclamation pathway science of Beachwood powder for pharmaceutical acetaminophen drug effluent management

Ehssan Ahmed Hassan  1   2 , Maha Tony  3   4 , Mohamed M Awad  5   6
Affiliations

Exploring the reclamation pathway science of Beachwood powder for pharmaceutical acetaminophen drug effluent management

Ehssan Ahmed Hassan et al. PLoS One. .

Abstract

High effective low-cost substance derived from agriculture-based waste towards a circular economy concept showed a significant green approach for pharmaceuticals uptake in aqueous solution. Beachwood sawdust was used as the source of cellulose based adsorbents. Cellulose is isolated from the waste and in parallel magnetite nanoparticles are prepared by the simple co-precipitation technique and the two substances are mixed in various proportions to be acetaminophen adsorbent. Characteristics of the prepared magnetite (M)/sawdust (SD) composite in various proportions (M:SD (1:1), M:SD (1:2), M:SD (1:3), M:SD (1:5) and M:SD (2:1) were assessed using scanning electron microscope (SEM) transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD) which revealed the presence magnetite and cellulose. Also, for the object of recoverable adsorbent, vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) of the adsorbent is investigated to evaluate its sustainability. The highest removal rate was associated with M:SD (1:2) compared to the other composites and the pristine magnetite or sawdust materials within 2 hours of isotherm time. The adsorption parameters are optimized and the maximal yield is attained at pH (7.0), adsorbent dose of 2.0 g/L at room temperature. The adsorption matrix is following Langmuir model and fitted to the second-order kinetic model. The process is exothermic in nature and highlighted physisorption tendency. The highest monolayer adsorption uptake was investigated at 7.0 mg/g which corresponds to the M:SD (1:2) adsorbent.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Figures

Fig 1
Fig 1. Circular economy approach of sawdust material.
Fig 2
Fig 2. Bibliometric analysis mapping over the previous two decades based on overlay density image based on sawdust in wastewater treatment.
Fig 3
Fig 3. Schematic representation of M:SD preparation steps to be an adsorbent.
Fig 4
Fig 4
X-ray diffraction of different adsorbents: (a) M, (b) SD, (c) M:SD (1:1), (d) M:SD (1:2), (e) M:SD (1:3), (f) M:SD (1:5) and (g) M:SD (2:1).
Fig 5
Fig 5
SEM micrographs and EDX images of a) pristine SEM M, b) pristine SD SEM, c) SEM and d) EDX of M:SD (1:1), e) SEM of M:SD (1:2), f) SEM M:SD (1:3), g) SEM and h) EDX M:SD (1:5) and i) SEM M:SD (2:1).
Fig 6
Fig 6
TEM micrographs of a) pristine M, b) pristine SD and c) composite of M:SD (2:1).
Fig 7
Fig 7. Magnetic properties through VSM of M:SD (2:1) composite.
Fig 8
Fig 8. The influence of adsorption contact time on the uptake of acetaminophen was examined using various adsorbents based on sawdust.
Fig 9
Fig 9. Effect of acetaminophen concentration on the adsorption capacity.
Fig 10
Fig 10
Effect of various adsorption parameters on the acetaminophen adsorption capacity (a) adsorbent dose, (b) pH and (c) on adsorption capacity of different saw dust/magnetite composite substances.
Fig 11
Fig 11. Regeneration for successive use of sawdust/magnetite composite.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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