End-of-Life Health Care Service Use and Cost Among Medicare Decedents With Neurodegenerative Diseases

Abstract

Background and objectives: Although neurodegenerative diseases are a leading cause of death, little is known about health care utilization and cost during the end-of-life (EoL) period or how it compares with that of other life-limiting conditions. We aimed to describe and compare resource utilization among US Medicare decedents with neurodegenerative diseases with decedents with cancer.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of Medicare Part A and B beneficiaries with Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) who died in 2018. Decedents diagnosed with malignant brain tumors or pancreatic cancer served as non-neurodegenerative comparators. Descriptive analyses examined demographic and clinical characteristics in the last year of life. The probabilities and associated costs of emergency department (ED), inpatient, skilled nursing facility (SNF), and hospice utilization during the last 12 and 6 months of life were also compared between persons with neurodegenerative diseases and cancer, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidity burden.

Results: A total of 1,126,799 Medicare beneficiaries died in 2018, of which 357,926 had a qualifying diagnosis. Persons with neurodegenerative diseases were older and more frequently received Medicaid assistance than persons with brain or pancreatic cancer. In all groups, health care service utilization increased over the last year of life, and total costs were predominantly attributable to inpatient care. In the last 6 months of life, neurologist care was infrequent among patients with neurodegenerative disease (AD: 1.5%; PD: 8.6%; ALS: 32.0%). Persons with neurodegenerative diseases as compared to persons with malignant brain tumors also had greater odds of ED use (AD: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.17, 95% CI 1.11-1.23; PD: aOR 1.18, 95% CI 1.11-1.25; ALS: aOR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.23), lower odds of hospitalization (AD: aOR 0.64, 95% CI 0.60-0.68; PD: aOR 0.65, 95% CI 0.61-0.69; ALS: aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.30-0.37), and lower odds of hospice enrollment (AD: aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.31-0.36; PD: aOR 0.33, 95% CI 0.31-0.36; ALS: aOR 0.41, 95% CI 0.36-0.46). The findings were similar in pancreatic cancer.

Discussion: Persons with neurodegenerative diseases in the United States are more likely to visit the ED and less likely to use inpatient and hospice services at EoL than persons with brain or pancreatic cancer. These group differences may stem from prognostic uncertainty and reflect inadequate EoL care practices, requiring further investigation to ensure more timely palliative care and hospice referrals.