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Review
. 2025 Mar;6(3):100973.
doi: 10.1016/j.lanmic.2024.100973. Epub 2024 Oct 10.

Pandemic risk characterisation of zoonotic influenza A viruses using the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA)

Affiliations
Review

Pandemic risk characterisation of zoonotic influenza A viruses using the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA)

Reina Yamaji et al. Lancet Microbe. 2025 Mar.

Abstract

A systematic risk assessment approach is essential for evaluating the relative risk of influenza A viruses (IAVs) with pandemic potential. To achieve this, the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment (TIPRA) was developed under the Global Influenza Programme of WHO. Since its release in 2016 and update in 2020, TIPRA has been used to assess the pandemic risk of 11 zoonotic IAVs across ten evaluation rounds. Notably, A(H7N9), A(H9N2), and A(H5) clade 2.3.4.4 viruses were re-evaluated owing to changes in epidemiological characteristics or virus properties. A(H7N9) viruses had the highest relative risk at the time of assessment, highlighting the importance of continuous monitoring and reassessment as changes in epidemiological trends within animal and human populations can alter risk profiles. The knowledge gaps identified throughout the ten risk assessments should help to guide the efficient use of resources for future research, including surveillance. The TIPRA tool reflects the One Health approach and has proven crucial for closely monitoring virus dynamics in both human and non-human populations to enhance preparedness for potential IAV pandemics.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of interests GN is a Co-Founder of FluGen. All other authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Risk map of the Tool for Influenza Pandemic Risk Assessment results Risk map depicting the overall virus risk, with the likelihood of the virus plotted on the x-axis and impact risk scores on the y-axis.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Distribution of the mean confidence scores for all viruses assessed up to August, 2022 Confidence scores for each risk element, representing the breadth and quality of evidence specific to each element, are shown.

References

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