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Review
. 2024 Oct 4:2024:2097920.
doi: 10.1155/2024/2097920. eCollection 2024.

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Tumor Immunogenicity and Beyond

Elio Ibrahim  1 , Ernest Diab  1   2 , Rony Hayek  1 , Karim Hoyek  1 , Hampig Kourie  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: Tumor Immunogenicity and Beyond

Elio Ibrahim et al. Int J Breast Cancer. .

Abstract

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a breast malignancy with a poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Many studies show that TNBC exhibits heterogeneity across clinical, histopathological, and molecular levels. In this review, we discuss the immunogenic features of TNBC with a focus on immunotherapy and the current standard of care in the neoadjuvant, adjuvant, and metastatic setting. In addition, we address the ongoing research on immunotherapy, antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, and future challenges in the treatment of this entity.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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