. 2024 Nov 21;64(5):2400207.

doi: 10.1183/13993003.00207-2024. Print 2024 Nov.

Radiomultiomics: quantitative CT clusters of severe asthma associated with multiomics

Nazanin Zounemat Kermani¹, Kian Fan Chung^{2

3}, Giuseppe Macis⁴, Giuseppe Santini⁵, Franz A A Clemeno⁶, Ali Versi¹, Kai Sun¹, Mahmoud I Abdel-Aziz⁷, Lars I Andersson^{8

9}, Charles Auffray¹⁰, Yusef Badi¹, Per Bakke¹¹, Chris Brightling¹², Paul Brinkman⁷, Massimo Caruso¹³, Pascal Chanez¹⁴, Bertrand De Meulder¹⁰, Ratko Djukanovic¹⁵, Leonardo Fabbri¹⁶, Stephen J Fowler¹⁷, Ildiko Horvath¹⁸, Peter Howarth¹⁵, Anna J James¹⁹, Johan Kolmert²⁰, Monica Kraft²¹, Chuan-Xing Li²², Anke H Maitland-van der Zee⁷, Mario Malerba²³, Alberto Papi¹⁷, Klaus Rabe²⁴, Marek Sanak²⁵, Dominick E Shaw²⁶, Dave Singh²⁷, Maria Sparreman Mikus⁸, Maarten van Den Berge²⁸, Asa M Wheelock²², Craig E Wheelock²⁰, Valentyna Yasinska^{8

9}, Yi-Ke Guo¹, Scott Wagers²⁹, Peter J Barnes², Andrew Bush², Peter J Sterk⁷, Sven-Erik Dahlen^{8

9

20}, Ian M Adcock^{2

30}, Salman Siddiqui^{2

30}, Paolo Montuschi^{31

5

30}; U-BIOPRED and ATLANTIS Study Groups

Affiliations

¹ Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
² National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
³ Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK.
⁴ Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
⁵ Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
⁶ Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
⁷ Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁰ European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
¹¹ Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹² Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
¹³ Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
¹⁴ AP-HM - Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
¹⁵ NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
¹⁶ Respiratory Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
¹⁷ Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
¹⁸ Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁹ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ Institute of Environmental Medicine, Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²¹ Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
²² Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²³ Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
²⁴ LungenClinic Grosshansdorf and Department of Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Airway Research Center North within the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany.
²⁵ Division of Clinical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
²⁶ Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
²⁷ Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Manchester University NHS Foundation Hospital Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
²⁸ Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
²⁹ Biosci Consulting, Maasmechelen, Belgium.
³⁰ I.M. Adcock, S. Siddiqui and P. Montuschi contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work.
³¹ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK paolo.montuschi@unicatt.it p.montuschi@imperial.ac.uk.

PMID: 39401856
PMCID: PMC11579543
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00207-2024

Radiomultiomics: quantitative CT clusters of severe asthma associated with multiomics

Nazanin Zounemat Kermani et al. Eur Respir J. 2024.

. 2024 Nov 21;64(5):2400207.

doi: 10.1183/13993003.00207-2024. Print 2024 Nov.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Data Science Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
² National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.
³ Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals, London, UK.
⁴ Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
⁵ Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy.
⁶ Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
⁷ Department of Pulmonology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁸ Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
⁹ Department of Respiratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
¹⁰ European Institute for Systems Biology and Medicine, CNRS-ENS-UCBL-INSERM, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.
¹¹ Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
¹² Institute for Lung Health, NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
¹³ Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
¹⁴ AP-HM - Clinique des Bronches, Allergies et Sommeil, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
¹⁵ NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit and Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
¹⁶ Respiratory Medicine, Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
¹⁷ Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
¹⁸ Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
¹⁹ Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²⁰ Institute of Environmental Medicine, Centre for Allergy Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²¹ Samuel Bronfman Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
²² Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
²³ Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, Novara, Italy.
²⁴ LungenClinic Grosshansdorf and Department of Medicine, Christian Albrechts University, Airway Research Center North within the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Kiel, Germany.
²⁵ Division of Clinical Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
²⁶ Respiratory Research Unit, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
²⁷ Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Manchester University NHS Foundation Hospital Trust, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
²⁸ Department of Pulmonology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
²⁹ Biosci Consulting, Maasmechelen, Belgium.
³⁰ I.M. Adcock, S. Siddiqui and P. Montuschi contributed equally to this article as lead authors and supervised the work.
³¹ National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK paolo.montuschi@unicatt.it p.montuschi@imperial.ac.uk.

PMID: 39401856
PMCID: PMC11579543
DOI: 10.1183/13993003.00207-2024

Abstract

Background: Lung quantitative computed tomography (qCT) severe asthma clusters have been reported, but their replication and underlying disease mechanisms are unknown. We identified and replicated qCT clusters of severe asthma in two independent asthma cohorts and determined their association with molecular pathways, using radiomultiomics, integrating qCT, multiomics and machine learning/artificial intelligence.

Methods: We used consensus clustering on qCT measurements of airway and lung CT scans, performed in 105 severe asthmatic adults from the U-BIOPRED cohort. The same qCT measurements were used to replicate qCT clusters in a subsample of the ATLANTIS asthma cohort (n=97). We performed integrated enrichment analysis using blood, sputum, bronchial biopsies, bronchial brushings and nasal brushings transcriptomics and blood and sputum proteomics to characterise radiomultiomic-associated clusters (RACs).

Results: qCT clusters and clinical features in U-BIOPRED were replicated in the matched ATLANTIS cohort. In the U-BIOPRED cohort, RAC1 (n=30) was predominantly female with elevated body mass index, mild airflow limitation, decreased CT lung volume and increased lung density and upregulation of the complement pathway. RAC2 (n=34) subjects had airway wall thickness and a mild degree of airflow limitation, with upregulation of proliferative pathways including neurotrophic receptor tyrosine kinase 2/tyrosine kinase receptor B, and downregulation of semaphorin pathways. RAC3 (n=41) showed increased lung attenuation area and air trapping, severe airflow limitation, hyperinflation, and upregulation of cytokine signalling and signalling by interleukin pathways, and matrix metallopeptidase 1, 2 and 9.

Conclusions: U-BIOPRED severe asthma qCT clusters were replicated in a matched independent asthmatic cohort and associated with specific molecular pathways. Radiomultiomics might represent a novel strategy to identify new molecular pathways in asthma pathobiology.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Conflict of interest: K.F. Chung reports grants from the MRC, EPSRC, GSK, Merck and NIEHS, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from GSK, Novartis and AstraZeneca, and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with GSK, AstraZeneca, Novartis, Roche, Merck, Trevi, Rickett-Beckinson, Nocion, Shionogi and Clean Breathing Institute supported by Haleon. C. Auffray reports support for the present study from the Innovative Medicines Initiative. Y. Badi reports support for the present study from the Innovative Medicines Initiative. P. Bakke reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, GSK and Sanofi. C. Brightling reports support for the present study from the ATLANTIS study (Chiesi grant) and Leicester NIHR BRC, grants from 4D Pharma, Areteia, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Genentech, GSK, Mologic, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche and Sanofi, and consultancy fees from 4D Pharma, Areteia, AstraZeneca, Chiesi, Genentech, GSK, Mologic, Novartis, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Roche and Sanofi. P. Chanez reports grants from ALK, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Menarini, Novartis and Sanofi Aventis, consultancy fees from ALK, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Menarini, Novartis and Sanofi Aventis, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from ALK, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Menarini, Novartis and Sanofi Aventis, and support for attending meetings from ALK, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, GSK, Menarini, Novartis and Sanofi Aventis. B. De Meulder reports support for the present study from the Innovative Medicines Initiative. R. Djukanovic reports consultancy fees from Synairgen plc, GSK, ZenasBio and Celltrion, leadership role as Chair of the European Respiratory Society's clinical research collaboration on severe asthma (SHARP), and stock (or stock options) with Synairgen plc. L. Fabbri reports consultancy fees from Chiesi Farmaceutici and AstraZeneca, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Chiesi Farmaceutici, AstraZeneca, GSK, Alfasigma and Novartis, support for attending meetings from Chiesi Farmaceutici, GSK and Novartis, and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Novartis and Chiesi. S.J. Fowler reports grants from the NIHR, and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Boehringer Ingelheim. P. Howarth reports employment with GSK. J. Kolmert reports consultancy fees from Gesynta Pharma AB and Lipum AB. M. Kraft reports grants from the NIH, American Lung Association, Synairgen, Janssen, AstraZeneca and Sanofi, consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Chiesi, GSK, Kinaset and Genentech, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Chiesi, support for attending meetings from the European Respiratory Society, one patent issued and tiled filed to development of therapeutics for inflammatory lung disease as CoFounder and Chief Medical Officer, RaeSedo, Inc., participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with ALung, leadership role with the National Heart, Lung and Blood Advisory Council, stock (or stock options) with RaeSedo, Inc. (equity ownership), and the following financial (or non-financial) interests: Section Editor of UpToDate. A.H. Maitland-van der Zee reports grants from Health Holland, GSK, Boehringer Ingelheim and Vertex, consultancy fees from Boehringer Ingelheim and AstraZeneca, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from GSK, and participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board for a study on BPD in neonates. A. Papi reports grants from Chiesi, AstraZeneca, GSK and Sanofi, consultancy fees from Chiesi, AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Sanofi, Iqvia, Avillion, Elpen Pharmaceuticals, Moderna and Roche, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from Chiesi, AstraZeneca, GSK, Menarini, Zambon, Mundipharma, Sanofi, Edmond Pharma, Iqvia, Avillion, Sanofi and Regeneron, participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with Chiesi, AstraZeneca, GSK, Novartis, Sanofi, Iqvia, Avillion, Elpen Pharmaceuticals and Moderna, receipt of equipment, materials, drugs, medical writing, gifts or other services from Consorzio Futuro in Ricerca. K. Rabe reports payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi Pharmaceuticals, Novartis, Sanofi/Regeneron, GSK, Berlin Chemie and Roche Pharma, participation on a data safety monitoring board or advisory board with AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi/Regeneron and CSL Behring, and leadership roles with the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), German Chest Society (DGP) and American Thoracic Society. D.E. Shaw reports consultancy fees from GSK, AstraZeneca and Novartis, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from GSK and AstraZeneca, and support for attending meetings from GSK. D. Singh reports consultancy fees from Aerogen, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Chiesi, Cipla, CSL Behring, EpiEndo, Genentech, GSK, Glenmark, Gossamer Bio, Kinaset Therapeutics, Menarini, Novartis, Orion, Pulmatrix, Sanofi, Synairgen, Teva, Theravance, Biopharma and Verona Pharma. M. van Den Berge reports grants from GSK, Roche, Genentech and Novartis. Y. Guo reports support for the present study from the Innovative Medicines Initiative. S. Wagers reports consultancy fees from King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Academic Medical Research, AMC Medical Research BV, Asthma UK, Athens Medical School, Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, CHU de Toulouse, CIRO, DS Biologicals Ltd, École Polytechnique Fédérale De Lausanne, European Respiratory Society, FISEVI, Fluidic Analytics Ltd, Fraunhofer IGB, Fraunhofer ITEM, GSK Research & Development Ltd, Holland & Knight, Karolinska Institutet Fakturor, KU Leuven, Longfonds, National Heart and Lung Institute, Novartis Pharma AG, Owlstone Medical Limited, PExA AB, UCB Biopharma SPRL, Umeå University, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Universita Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Universität Ulm, University of Bern, University of Edinburgh, University of Hull, University of Leicester, University of Loughborough, University of Luxembourg, University of Manchester, University of Nottingham, Vlaams Brabant, Dienst Europa, Imperial College London, Boehringer Ingelheim, Breathomix, Gossamer Bio, AstraZeneca, CIBER, OncoRadiomics, University of Leiden, University of Wurzburg, Chiesi Pharmaceutical, University of Liege, Teva Pharmaceuticals, Sanofi, Pulmonary Fibrosis Foundation and Three Lakes Foundation. P.J. Sterk reports consultancy fees from SME Breathomix, and stock (or stock options) with SME Breathomix. S-E. Dahlen reports grants from AstraZeneca, GSK and Sanofi, consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, Cayman Chemicals, GSK and Regeneron, and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, GSK and Sanofi. I.M. Adcock reports support for the present study from the Innovative Medicines Initiative, grants from GSK, MRC, EPSRC and Sanofi, consultancy fees from GSK, Sanofi, Chiesi and Kinaset, payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from AstraZeneca, Sanofi, Eurodrug and Sunovion, and support for attending meetings from AstraZeneca. S. Siddiqui consultancy fees from AstraZeneca, GSK, CSL Behring, Areteia Therapeutics, ERT Medical, Chiesi and Roche, and payment or honoraria for lectures, presentations, manuscript writing or educational events from GSK, Chiesi and AstraZeneca. P. Montuschi reports support for the present study from the Innovative Medicines Initiative. The remaining authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose.

Figures

None — Overview of the study. (q)CT: (quantitative) computed tomography; RAC: radiomultiomic-associated cluster; BMI: body mass index; IGF: insulin-like growth factor; FEF_25–75%: forced expiratory flow at 25–75% of forced vital capacity; ECM: extracellular matrix; RV: residual volume; TLC: total lung capacity. See the supplementary material for a full list of definitions of abbreviations of genes, proteins and pathways.

**FIGURE 1**
Scatter dot plots of selected quantitative computed tomography (qCT) parameters and pulmonary function tests across radiomultiomic-associated clusters (RACs) and healthy control subjects (HS). a) Inspiratory wall area average of mean values of right and left lung segmental bronchi standardised by body surface area (WA mean BSA). b) Expiratory lumen area average of median values of right and left lung segmental bronchi (LA median). c) Inspiratory percentage of low attenuation area with CT numbers < −950 HU (LAA −950 HU). d) Inspiratory 15th percentile of the cumulative frequency distribution of CT numbers (percentile 15). e) Expiratory percentage of low attenuation area with CT numbers < −856 HU (LAA −856 HU). f) Expiratory CT lung volume adjusted for the phantom density rods (adjusted CT lung volume). g) Residual volume/total lung capacity (RV/TLC) ratio. h) Pre-bronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV₁) percentage predicted. i) Pre-bronchodilator FEV₁/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (percentage). Mean±sd or median with interquartile range values are shown depending on data distribution (see tables 1 and 2 and supplementary tables S6 and S7).

**FIGURE 2**
Comparative analysis of U-BIOPRED and ATLANTIS datasets across three analytical techniques. a) Clustering dendrograms of the consensus matrices for U-BIOPRED (left) and ATLANTIS (right) with the number of clusters k=3, illustrating the hierarchical clustering results and relationships between subjects based on their similarity. b) Principal component analysis (PCA) plots for U-BIOPRED (left) and ATLANTIS (right), where the first principal component (PC1) is plotted against the second principal component (PC2). Each dot represents a subject, coloured according to their membership in different quantitative computed tomography (qCT) clusters, highlighting the distribution and separation of subjects within the principal component space. c) Loadings of the used qCT features on PC1 and PC2 for U-BIOPRED (left) and ATLANTIS (right), showing the contribution and correlation of various qCT features to the principal components, aiding in understanding the underlying factors driving the clustering and separation observed in the subject-level PCA plots.

**FIGURE 3**
Enrichment maps for integrated pathway enrichment analysis in radiomultiomic-associated clusters (RACs). ActivePathways results are represented as enrichment maps, with nodes representing pathways and pathways with many shared genes connected into networks representing broader biological themes. Cytoscape software and the EnrichmentMap app were used to visualise integrated pathway enrichments as networks. Node colours correspond to the enriched pathways according to the supporting omics datasets, based on the scores matrix initially analysed in ActivePathways. See the supplementary material for a full list of definitions of abbreviations of genes, proteins and pathways.

**FIGURE 4**
Modulation of serum proteomic pathways in severe asthma radiomultiomic-associated clusters (RACs). Enrichment scores (ESs) of 25 pathways (rows) are illustrated for subjects (columns) segmented by RACs. For each column, pathway names are shown on the right. Signatures and a list of proteins that represent a subset of pathways are shown in supplementary table S17. Serum proteins are measured by the somaSCAN proteomics and are differentially expressed across RACs (shown at the end of the pathway names for each comparison, *e.g.* 1vs2). See the supplementary material for a full list of definitions of abbreviations of genes, proteins and pathways.

**FIGURE 5**
Heatmap showing the correlations between serum proteomics pathways and lung function (LF) tests and quantitative computed tomography (qCT) parameters in the three radiomultiomic-associated clusters (RACs). Positive correlations are shown in red; negative correlations are shown in green. See the supplementary material for a full list of definitions of abbreviations of genes, proteins and pathways. See the main text and supplementary table S2 for the definitions and details of the qCT parameters.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

Comment in

Radiomultiomics: pioneering precision medicine for severe asthma.
Polverino F, Woodruff PG. Polverino F, et al. Eur Respir J. 2024 Nov 21;64(5):2401639. doi: 10.1183/13993003.01639-2024. Print 2024 Nov. Eur Respir J. 2024. PMID: 39572207 No abstract available.

References

1. Aysola RS, Hoffman EA, Gierada D, et al. . Airway remodeling measured by multidetector CT is increased in severe asthma and correlates with pathology. Chest 2008; 134: 1183–1191. doi:10.1378/chest.07-2779 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Gupta S, Siddiqui S, Haldar P, et al. . Quantitative analysis of high-resolution computed tomography scans in severe asthma subphenotypes. Thorax 2010; 65: 775–781. doi:10.1136/thx.2010.136374 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Brillet PY, Grenier PA, Fetita CI, et al. . Relationship between the airway wall area and asthma control score in moderate persistent asthma. Eur Radiol 2013; 23: 1594–1602. doi:10.1007/s00330-012-2743-4 - DOI - PubMed
1. Niimi A, Matsumoto H, Amitani R, et al. . Airway wall thickness in asthma assessed by computed tomography. Relation to clinical indices. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 1518–1523. doi:10.1164/ajrccm.162.4.9909044 - DOI - PubMed
1. Chetta A, Foresi A, Del Donno M, et al. . Airways remodeling is a distinctive feature of asthma and is related to severity of disease. Chest 1997; 111: 852–857. doi:10.1378/chest.111.4.852 - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

Substances

Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- HighWire
- PubMed Central
Medical
- MedlinePlus Consumer Health Information
- MedlinePlus Health Information
Research Materials
- NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program
Miscellaneous
- NCI CPTAC Assay Portal

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Radiomultiomics: quantitative CT clusters of severe asthma associated with multiomics

Affiliations

Radiomultiomics: quantitative CT clusters of severe asthma associated with multiomics

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

Comment in

References

MeSH terms

Substances

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical

Research Materials

Miscellaneous