Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: A Bidirectional Association Based on Endothelial Dysfunction

Abstract

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of chronic liver disease and is regarded as a liver manifestation of metabolic syndrome. It is linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, all of which increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Endothelial dysfunction (EnD) constitutes the main driver in the progression of atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease (CAD). Several pathophysiological alterations and molecular mechanisms are involved in the development of EnD in patients with NAFLD. Our aim is to examine the association of NAFLD and CAD with the parallel assessment of EnD, discussing the pathophysiological mechanisms and the genetic background that underpin this relationship. This review delves into the management of the condition, exploring potential clinical implications and available medical treatment options to facilitate the deployment of optimal treatment strategies for these patients.

Keywords: CAD; NALFD; coronary artery disease; endothelial dysfunction; genetics; non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; prevention; treatment.

Figure 1

The multifactorial burden of NAFLD. Abbreviations: vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa).