Bones or Stones: How Can We Apply Geophysical Techniques in Bone Research?

Abstract

Some studies have used physical techniques for the assessment of bone structure and composition. However, very few studies applied multiple techniques, such as those described below, at the same time. The aim of our study was to determine the chemical and mineralogical/organic composition of bovine tibial bone samples using geophysical/geochemical reference techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry with attenuated total reflectance accessory (FTIR-ATR), inductively coupled mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were applied to measure the organic and inorganic composition of 14 bovine bone samples. In addition, peripheral quantitative CT (QCT) was used to assess BMD in these bones. We were able to define the total composition of the studied bone samples. ICP-OES and ICP-MS techniques were used to determine the major and trace element composition. The X-ray analysis could detect inorganic crystalline compounds of bones, such as bioapatite, and its degree of ordering, indicating whether the bones belong to a younger or older individual. The total volatile content of the samples was calculated using TG and resulted in about 35 weight% (wt%). This, together with the 65 wt% total resulting from the chemical analysis (i.e., inorganic components), yielded a total approaching 100 wt%. As a large portion of the volatile content (H₂O, CO₂, etc.) was liberated from the organic components and, subordinately, from bioapatite, it could be concluded that the volatile-to-solid ratio of the examined bone samples was ~35:65. The FTIR-ATR analysis revealed that the organic portion consists of collagens containing amide groups, as their typical bands (OH, CH, CO, NC) were clearly identified in the infrared spectra. Numerous parameters of bone composition correlated with BMD as determined by QCT. In conclusion, we performed a complex evaluation of bovine bones to test multiple geophysical/geochemical techniques in bone research in association with QCT bone densitometry. From a medical point of view, the composition of the studied bones could be reliably examined by these methods.

Keywords: Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry with attenuated total reflectance accessory; X-ray diffraction; bone; inductively coupled mass spectrometry; inductively coupled optical emission spectrometry; thermogravimetry.

Figure 1

X-ray diffraction (XRD). A representative graph of five randomly selected bovine bone samples.

Figure 2

Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry with attenuated total reflectance accessory (FTIR-ATR). A representative graph of five randomly selected bovine bone samples. (A,B) are for the same sample. (A) shows peaks for 2600 to 3800, while (B) is for 500–1700 wavenumbers.