Cenobamate's Efficacy for Seizure Treatment in Tuberous Sclerosis Complex

Abstract

Background: Epilepsy is prevalent, and seizure control is challenging in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Cenobamate (CBM) has proven efficacy in several studies; however, its benefit in the TSC population is not known.

Methods: We performed a retrospective review of patients with TSC who received adjunctive CBM for seizure treatments. We assessed treatment efficacy by comparing seizure frequencies three months before CBM (baseline) and those at 3-, 6-, 12-, and 18- month follow-ups.

Results: We identified 70 patients with TSC receiving CBM and excluded 16 with insufficient data. Fifty-four patients aged 2 to 39 years, with an average baseline seizure of 66.1 ± 88.9 per month, were analyzed. Treatment retention rates at 3, 6, 12, and 18 months were 94.4%, 79.6%, 66.7%, 44.4%, and responder rates (proportions of patients who remained on treatment and had ≥50% seizure reduction) were 38.1%, 51.7%, 53.1%, and 59.1%, respectively. Seizure-free rates at these respective follow-ups were 7.1%, 13.8%, 6.3%, and 9.1%. For patients experiencing reduced seizures, the mean percentage of change ranged from 61.5% to 74.6%. Side effects were common (64.8%), particularly sedation (42.6%), behavioral disturbance (24.1%), and gastrointestinal disturbance (22.2%).

Conclusions: Most patients in this study showed seizure reduction; however, the overall responder and seizure-free rates were lower than the literature, likely due to the unique underlying epileptogenesis in TSC and the challenges of tolerating CBM. The lower treatment retention rates signal areas for improvement in concurrent medication adjustment practices.

Keywords: Antiseizure medication; Cenobamate; Epilepsy; Seizure; Treatment; Tuberous sclerosis complex.