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. 2024 Oct 21;14(1):24655.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-74831-5.

The effects of oil adjuvant on the degradation of spirotetramat and its metabolites in apple cultivation

Andrea Lentola  1 , Werner Rizzolli  2 , Thomas Facchini  2 , Andrea Rivelli  3 , Davide Refosco  3 , Urban Spitaler  2
Affiliations

The effects of oil adjuvant on the degradation of spirotetramat and its metabolites in apple cultivation

Andrea Lentola et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Spirotetramat is a frequently used insecticide in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies against rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) and woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) in apple cultivation. It is known that paraffin oil adjuvants increase the effect of spirotetramat against aphids. In contrast, there is a knowledge gap regarding the effects of co-applied paraffin (mineral or petroleum) oil on the degradation of spirotetramat and its metabolites (B-enol, B-keto, B-mono, and B-glu), which has not been previously investigated. Spirotetramat combined with formulated paraffin oil was tested against two aphid species and the residues of spirotetramat and its metabolites on leaves and apples were quantified using Liquid Chromatography coupled with tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that spirotetramat is highly effective against D. plantaginea, decreasing infestation by almost 100%. Furthermore, spirotetramat was shown to be effective against E. lanigerum, the reduction in infestation ranged between 67.9 and 97.7% during the last validation date. The addition of paraffin oil increased the effect of spirotetramat and affected its degradation, indicating that its efficacy could be connected to its metabolites. B-mono and B-glu were the most persistent metabolites in apple fruit overall when paraffin oil was applied.

Keywords: Aphid; Insecticide; Integrated pest management; Pome fruit; Residues.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Metabolic pathway of spirotetramat for the formation of the main metabolites (ox = oxidation, red = reduction).
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Mean E. lanigerum field infestation (± SE, n = 4). Effect of spirotetramat treatment (Spi.) compared with a spirotetramat treatment in combination with paraffin oil (Spi. + Paraffin oil), and an unsprayed control (Control). Field trials were performed in 2021 (a-c) and in 2022 (d). It should be noted that in c) the y-axis only extends to 25%. Different letters denote significant differences between treatments (P ≤ 0.05). N/A means No-Aphids and data were therefore excluded from data analysis.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mean spirotetramat and metabolites concentrations in leaf samples (± SE, n = 4). Spirotetramat treatment (Spi.) compared with spirotetramat treatment in combination with paraffin oil (Spi. + Paraffin oil). The symbol * denotes significant differences between treatments (* P ≤ 0.05, ** P ≤ 0.01 and *** P ≤ 0.001).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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