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. 2024 Dec 2;379(1915):20230081.
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0081. Epub 2024 Oct 21.

Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation

James Sulzer  1 , T Dorina Papageorgiou  2   3 , Rainer Goebel  4 , Talma Hendler  5   6
Affiliations

Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation

James Sulzer et al. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. .

Abstract

Neurofeedback (NF) is endogenous neuromodulation of circumscribed brain circuitry. While its use of real-time brain activity in a closed-loop system is similar to brain-computer interfaces, instead of controlling an external device like the latter, the goal of NF is to change a targeted brain function. In this special issue on NF, we present current and future methods for extracting and manipulating neural function, how these methods may reveal new insights about brain function, applications, and rarely discussed ethical considerations of guiding and interpreting the brain activity of others. Together, the articles in this issue outline the possibilities of NF use and impact in the real world, poising to influence the development of more effective and personalized NF protocols, improving the understanding of underlying psychological and neurological mechanisms and enhancing treatment precision for various neurological and psychiatric conditions.This article is part of the theme issue 'Neurofeedback: new territories and neurocognitive mechanisms of endogenous neuromodulation'.

Keywords: EEG; fMRI; fNIRS; neurofeedback; neuroimaging; operant conditioning.

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Conflict of interest statement

This theme issue was put together by the Guest Editor team under supervision from the journal’s Editorial staff, following the Royal Society’s ethical codes and best-practice guidelines. The Guest Editor team invited contributions and handled the review process. Individual Guest Editors were not involved in assessing papers where they had a personal, professional or financial conflict of interest with the authors or the research described. Independent reviewers assessed all papers. Invitation to contribute did not guarantee inclusion. The Guest Editors declare the following conflicts of interest relevant to this theme issue: Talma Hendler is the Chief Medical Scientist GrayMatters Health company, Haifa Tel Aviv. Rainer Goebel is CEO of the company Brain Innovation BV developing software for offline and real-time neuroimaging data analysis. T. Dorina Papageorgiou is President of Individualized Brain Neurotherapeutics, LLC and holds the following patent applications: U.S. Patent Application No.: 16/954,256; European Patent Application No. 19 753 851.5, WIPO Publication No. WO 2019/160754.

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