Macleaya cordata extract improves egg quality by altering gut health and microbiota in laying hens

Abstract

This study investigated the effect of Macleaya cordata extract (MCE) on the performance, gut health, and microbiota of laying hens. A total of 192 thirty-wk-old Hyline brown laying hens were randomly divided into 4 treatment groups. The CON group received a basal diet, while the low (MCE250), medium (MCE350), and high (MCE450) dose groups were supplemented with 250, 350, and 450 mg/kg MCE, respectively. The egg weight and Haugh unit demonstrated a linear and quadratic increase with the MCE dose during the initial 4-wk period of the experiment (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the dietary supplementation of MCE led to a significant enhancement in eggshell thickness and Haugh unit at wk 8 and the data showed a statistically significant linear and quadratic increase (P < 0.05). Serum cytokine assay showed that dietary supplementation of MCE led to linear and quadratic increases in IL-4 and IL-10 level (P < 0.05). Dietary supplementation of 350 and 450 mg/kg MCE was observed to result in linear and quadratic increase in serum lysozyme levels (P < 0.05). The addition of MCE to the diet resulted in a linear and quadratic increase in the levels of sIgA in the jejunum and ileum (P < 0.05). In terms of gene expression, the addition of MCE to the diet resulted in linear and quadratic increases in the expression of IL-10, IgA, Serpinb14, Serpinb14B, and OIH (P < 0.05). The expression of jejunal genes pIgR and IL-4 was observed to increase in a linear and quadratic manner, respectively, following the dietary addition of 350 mg/kg MCE and IL-1β decreased in a linear manner (P < 0.05). Moreover, these favorable effects were maximized at medium dosage (350 mg/kg) of MCE addition, and intestinal microbial composition in the control and MCE350 groups was assessed. 350 mg/kg MCE increased the relative abundance of Bryobacter and Parasutterella and decreased the relative abundance of Erysipelatoclostridium in the cecum (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis revealed that Bryobacter, Parasutterella, Skermanella, and Erysipelatoclostridium were associated with nonspecific immune functions (P < 0.05). In conclusion, 350 mg/kg MCE supplementation elevated the immune response, and upregulated the expression of genes related to protein production in eggs, thereby improving egg quality. These effects may be associated with changes in the microbiota, specifically Bryobacter, Parasutterella, and Erysipelatoclostridium.

Keywords: Hyline brown laying hen; Macleaya cordata extract; immune function; intestinal microbiota; laying performance.

Figure 1

Effects of MCE on serum and jejunum-ileum mucosal immune indices in laying hens. ^a,b Means within a row with different superscripts for each factor are significantly different (P ˂ 0.05).

Figure 2

Effects of MCE on jejunal (A, B, and C) and magnum (D) gene expression in laying hens ^a,b Means within a row with different superscripts for each factor are significantly different (P ˂ 0.05).

Figure 3

Effects of MCE on the cecal microbiota α-diversity of Hyline brown laying hens.It was analyzed using the Pielou_e index, Shannon index and Simpson index (A), chao1 index, dominance index, and observed_otus index (B). CON: control. MCE350: 350 mg/kg MCE.

Figure 4

Effects of MCE on the cecal microbiota β-diversity of Hyline brown laying hens.It was analyzed by NMDS (A), PCoA (B) and Anosim (C). CON: control. MCE350: 350 mg/kg MCE.

Figure 5

Effects of MCE on the cecal microbiota of Hyline brown laying hens. The top 10 micro-organisms at the phylum level (A) and the top 30 microorganisms at the genus level (B) in the cecum of laying hens. Differences in microorganisms in the cecum of laying hens according to the t-test (C). CON: control. MCE350: 350 mg/kg MCE.

Figure 6

Correlation heatmap of differential microbes in the cecum and differential parameters of laying hens. Spearman's correlations were calculated for all significantly different parameters and differential cecal microbes at the genus level. The colors of squares represent the r values of spearman's correlation coefficient. * P < 0.05.