The risk of chronic kidney disease or proteinuria with long or short sleep duration: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies

Abstract

Objective: Irregular sleep duration has been linked with systemic diseases as well as chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, most of the evidence is low-quality and from cross-sectional data. We hereby present a meta-analysis of cohort studies examining the longitudinal association between short and long sleep with the risk of CKD or proteinuria.

Methods: Databases of Embase, PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science, and Scopus were searched up to 5th April 2024. The risk of CKD/proteinuria was assessed with short or long sleep duration.

Results: Nine studies were included. Both short and long sleep duration were associated with a mild increase in the risk of CKD/proteinuria. Based on different cutoffs for short sleep, we noted that sleep of ≤ 7 h was not associated with a significantly increased risk of CKD/proteinuria. A mild significant risk was noted in the subgroup of ≤ 6 h while a significant association was noted for sleep ≤ 5 h. For longer sleep duration, individuals with ≥ 8 h of sleep had an increased risk of CKD/proteinuria. However, the results were non-significant for individuals with ≥ 9 h of sleep. Non-significant results were noted for separate analyses on male, female, high body mass index, and elderly (≥ 60 years) individuals.

Conclusion: Both short and long sleep durations are associated with a significant increase in the risk of CKD/proteinuria in the adult population.

Keywords: Insomnia; Kidney disease; Pooled analysis; Renal failure; Sleep.