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. 2024 Oct 8;14(10):486.
doi: 10.3390/bios14100486.

Noninvasive Monitoring of Glycemia Level in Diabetic Patients by Wearable Advanced Biosensors

Elena V Daboss  1 , Maria A Komkova  1 , Vita N Nikitina  1 , Egor A Andreev  1 , Darya V Vokhmyanina  1 , Arkady A Karyakin  1
Affiliations

Noninvasive Monitoring of Glycemia Level in Diabetic Patients by Wearable Advanced Biosensors

Elena V Daboss et al. Biosensors (Basel). .

Abstract

We report on the possibility of noninvasive diabetes monitoring through continuous analysis of sweat. The prediction of the blood glucose level in diabetic patients is possible on the basis of their sweat glucose content due to the positive correlation discovered. The ratio between the blood glucose and sweat glucose concentrations for a certain diabetic subject is stable within weeks, excluding requirements for frequent blood probing. The glucose variations in sweat display allometric (non-linear) dependence on those in blood, allowing more precise blood glucose estimation. Selective (avoiding false-positive responses) and sensitive (sweat glucose is on average 30-50 times lower) detection is possible with biosensors based on the glucose oxidase enzyme coupled with a Prussian Blue transducer. Reliable glucose detection in just secreted sweat would allow noninvasive monitoring of the glycemia level in diabetic patients.

Keywords: Prussian Blue; biosensor; diabetes; glucose; noninvasive; sweat.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Sweating rates (filled marks) of healthy subjects (16) and female (48) and male (35) diabetics; columns with error bars represent the mean values for each set of data.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Ratios of the glucose concentrations in the sweat and blood of diabetic patients relative to the first measurement for the female (○) and male (∆) subjects; fitting to the allometric power function for the female (dash) and male (dash–dot) curves.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Time dependencies of the blood-to-sweat glucose ratios for several diabetic subjects (each symbol indicates a particular diabetic subject).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Responses of the Prussian Blue-based glucose biosensor to ascorbate and glucose.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Remaining response of the Pt-based (1) and Prussian Blue-based (2) glucose biosensors toward 250 µM glucose upon monitoring of undiluted human sweat.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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