Autoptic Findings in Patients Treated with (VA-ECMO) after Cardiac Arrest

Abstract

Background: This study examines the results of autopsy examinations specifically aimed at documenting complications arising from the implantation phase and treatment with veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) in patients with refractory cardiac arrest. ECMO and VA-ECMO in particular are life-saving interventions that, in the case of cardiac arrest, can temporarily replace cardiac pump function. VA-ECMO is, however, a very invasive procedure and is associated with early mechanical, haemorrhagic, and thrombotic events, infections, and late multi-organ dysfunction. Aim: This research aims to evaluate autoptic and histologic findings in patients on VA-ECMO support, providing clinical and forensic evaluation elements with respect to the procedure and clinical settings. Materials and Methods: The study analysed 10 cases, considering variables such as the duration of cardiac arrest, understood as the time between the cardiac arrest event and reperfusion with VA-ECMO, the duration of VA-ECMO support, and any complications detected by clinicians during treatment. Results: The results highlighted the presence of numerous ischemic and haemorrhagic events affecting various organs. Among them, the intestines were particularly vulnerable, even after a short ECMO duration. Conclusions: ECMO was found to accelerate post-mortem decomposition, affecting post-mortem interval estimations, and cardiac damage from reperfusion, underlining the need to meticulously select indications for treatment with VA-ECMO and perform constant clinical evaluations during the treatment itself.

Keywords: ECMO; autopsy findings; ischemic complications.