Anabasis setifera leaf extract from arid habitat: A treasure trove of bioactive phytochemicals with potent antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties

Abstract

The main objective of this study was to evaluate the biological activities of Anabasis setifera extract, including its antimicrobial, anticancer, and antioxidant properties. In the current study, Anabasis setifera leaves extract was evaluated for antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant activities and phytochemical analyses. Ethyl acetate extract of Anabasis setifera (EA-AS) exhibited promising antimicrobial activity toward Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus with MICs 62.5, 125, 62.5, 31.25, 62.5, 125 and 125 μg/mL respectively. Moreover, EA-AS showed anticancer activity at safe concentrations, where IC50 were 36.4 and 44 μg/mL toward Hep-G2 and MCF-7 cancerous cell lines. EA-AS was found to contain 55 significant compounds identified through gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS). The most abundant compounds were 1,4-dimethoxy-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-5-benzocycloheptenone (26.04%), hexa-2,4-diyn-1-ylbenzene (8.40%), dihydrobenzo[b]fluoranthene (6.10%), ethanone, 1-[2,3-dihydro-2-(1-methylethenyl)-5-benzofuranyl (6.10%), and valerenol (4.08%). GC mass analysis confirmed the antioxidant properties of AS by detecting several compounds with antioxidant activity, including hexa-2,4-diyn-1-ylbenzene, nerolidol, spathulenol, -naphthalenem ethanol, decahydro-4-trimethyl-8-methylene, hexadecenoic acid, tremetone, desmethoxyencecalin, heptadecyn-1-ol, thunbergol, hexadecanol, dotriacontane, taylorione, ligulatin, retinoic acid, and falcarinol. The analysis of EA-AS reveals that it is a rich source of valuable phytochemicals: total Phenolic Content: a promising 4,264 μg/mL /, suggesting substantial biological and pharmacological potential. Total tannin content: 391.17 μg/mL, indicating potential applications in industries like nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Total flavonoid content exceptionally high at 5,163 μg/mL, while the total alkaloid content measured 1,036.26 μg/mL. Additionally, EA-AS demonstrated antioxidant activity with an EC50 of 30.6 μg/mL. In conclusion, the comprehensive analysis of the EA-AS reveals its immense potential as a rich source of valuable phytochemicals with diverse bioactivities, warranting further in-depth studies to unlock its full pharmaceutical and commercial prospects. Our results suggest substantial biological and pharmacological prospects for EA-AS as a promising antimicrobial, anticancer, and potent antioxidant.

Fig 1. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of EA-AS and SAM/Fluc toward selected bacterial and fungal strains.

* EA-AS = Ethyl acetate extract of Anabasis setifera leaves, Fluc = Fluconazole, SAM = Ampicillin/sulbactam, and MIC = minimum inhibitory concentration. E. coli = Escherichia coli, S. aureus = Staphylococcus aureus, S. typhimurium = Salmonella typhimurium, B. subtilis = Bacillus subtilis. C. albicans = Candida albicans, A brasiliensis = Aspergillus brasiliensis, A. fumigatus = Aspergillus fumigatus. Standards were used Ampicillin/sulbactam in bacteria (E. coli, S. aureus, S. typhimurium and B. subtilis) and Fluconazole in fungi (Candida albicans, Aspergillus brasiliensis, Aspergillus fumigatus).

Fig 2. In vitro cytotoxic activities of EA-AS extract against MCF-7 and HepG2 cell lines.

Data are represented as mean ± SD of three independent experiments. * EA-AS = Ethyl acetate extract of Anabasis setifera leaves, The breast cancerous cell line (MCF-7), hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (Hep-G2) and normal human diploid (WI-38) cell lines.

Fig 3. Quantitative phytochemical analysis of Anabasis setifera.

Fig 4. Gas chromatography mass spectrophotometry (GCMS)of Ethyl acetate extract of Anabasis setifera leaves.