Advances in microRNAs as Emerging Biomarkers for Colorectal Cancer Early Detection and Diagnosis

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the second most common cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, necessitating advancements in early detection and innovative treatment strategies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), small non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation, have emerged as crucial players in the pathogenesis of CRC. This review synthesizes the latest findings on miRNA deregulated in precancerous lesions and in CRC. By examining the deregulation patterns of miRNAs across different stages of CRC development, this review highlights their potential as diagnostic tools. We specifically analyse the roles and diagnostic relevance of four miRNAs-miR-15b, miR-21, miR-31, and miR-146a-that consistently exhibit altered expression in CRC. The current knowledge of their role in key oncogenic pathways, drug resistance, and clinical relevance is discussed. Despite challenges posed by the heterogeneity of the research findings on miRNA deregulation and their role in CRC, integrating miRNA diagnostics into current screening methods holds promise for enhancing personalized medicine approaches. This review emphasizes the transformative potential of miRNAs in CRC diagnosis, paving the way for improved patient outcomes and novel therapeutic paradigms.

Keywords: adenoma; colorectal cancer; diagnosis; microRNA; polyp; treatment.

Figure 1

A Venn diagram of miRNAs differentially expressed in precancerous lesions and CRC. The figure highlights the up-regulation (↑) and down-regulation (↓) of miRNAs in adenomas and CRC. It distinguishes miRNAs whose expression is overlapping across the conditions. miRNAs without arrows refer to miRNAs that are both up- and downregulated.