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Review
. 2024 Oct 15;25(20):11091.
doi: 10.3390/ijms252011091.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy: Predictors of Response, Issues, and Challenges

Alessandro Rizzo  1 , Oronzo Brunetti  1 , Giovanni Brandi  2   3
Affiliations
Review

Hepatocellular Carcinoma Immunotherapy: Predictors of Response, Issues, and Challenges

Alessandro Rizzo et al. Int J Mol Sci. .

Abstract

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as durvalumab, tremelimumab, and atezolizumab, have emerged as a significant therapeutic option for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). In fact, the efficacy of ICIs as single agents or as part of combination therapies has been demonstrated in practice-changing phase III clinical trials. However, ICIs confront several difficulties, including the lack of predictive biomarkers, primary and secondary drug resistance, and treatment-related side effects. Herein, we provide an overview of current issues and future challenges in this setting.

Keywords: PD-L1; cancer; hepatocellular carcinoma; immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunotherapy; liver cancer.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Pro- and anti-tumor cells in the tumor microenvironment.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Immunotherapies in hepatocellular carcinoma patients.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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