The Current Epizootiological Situation of Three Major Viral Infections Affecting Cattle in Egypt

Abstract

One of the major factors hindering efficient livestock production is the presence of high-impact infectious animal diseases, such as foot and mouth disease (FMD), lumpy skin disease (LSD), and bovine ephemeral fever (BEF), which are notable viral infections affecting cattle in Egypt, leading to significant economic losses. FMD is caused by the foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV) of the genus Aphthovirus in the Picornaviridae family. LSD is caused by lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) of Capripox genus within the Poxviridae family, subfamily Chordopoxvirinae. BEF is caused by bovine ephemeral fever virus (BEFV) of genus Ephemerovirus in the Rhabdoviridae family. FMD is a highly contagious viral infection of domestic and wild cloven-hooved animals and can spread through the wind. On the other hand, LSD and BEF are arthropod-borne viral diseases that mainly affect domestic cattle and water buffalo. Despite government vaccination efforts, these three viral diseases have become widespread in Egypt, with several reported epidemics. Egypt's importation of large numbers of animals from different countries, combined with unregulated animal movements through trading and borders between African countries and Egypt, facilitates the introduction of new FMDV serotypes and lineages not covered by the current vaccination plans. To establish an effective control program, countries need to assess the real epizootic situation of various infectious animal diseases to develop an efficient early warning system. This review provides information about FMD, LSD, and BEF, including their economic impacts, causative viruses, global burden, the situation in Egypt, and the challenges in controlling these diseases.

Keywords: bovine ephemeral fever; cattle; foot and mouth disease; lumpy skin disease.

Figure 1

Clinical signs of foot and mouth disease: (a) vesicle on the muzzle, (b) vesicle on the teat, (c) vesicle in interdigital space, and (d) ruptured vesicle on the tongue.

Figure 2

Economic impact of foot and mouth disease.

Figure 3

Circulating serotype/topotype of FMDV in Egypt.

Figure 4

Clinical signs of LSD: (a) circumscribed raised nodules in the skin and (b) sit-fast lesions.

Figure 5

Economic impact of lumpy skin disease.

Figure 6

The LSDV sequences registered in GenBank from Egypt between 1989 and 2022.

Figure 7

Atypical three-day stiff sickness: subcutaneous (a,b) and pulmonary emphysema (c).

Figure 8

Economic impact of bovine ephemeral fever.

Figure 9

The BEFV sequences registered in GenBank from Egypt between 2000 and 2017.