Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Oct 10;24(20):6517.
doi: 10.3390/s24206517.

Tracking the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease after Almond and Oat Milk Intervene or Statin Medication with a Powerful Reflex SH-SAW POCT Platform

Chia-Hsuan Cheng  1   2 , Hiromi Yatsuda  1   2 , Han-Hsiang Chen  3 , Guang-Huar Young  3   4 , Szu-Heng Liu  2 , Robert Yl Wang  3   4   5
Affiliations

Tracking the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease after Almond and Oat Milk Intervene or Statin Medication with a Powerful Reflex SH-SAW POCT Platform

Chia-Hsuan Cheng et al. Sensors (Basel). .

Abstract

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the leading cause of death worldwide. For individuals at elevated risk for cardiovascular disease, early detection and monitoring of lipid status is imperative. The majority of lipid measurements conducted in hospital settings employ optical detection, which necessitates the use of relatively large-sized detection machines. It is, therefore, necessary to develop point-of-care testing (POCT) for lipoprotein in order to monitor CVD. To enhance the management and surveillance of CVD, this study sought to develop a POCT approach for apolipoprotein B (ApoB) utilizing a shear horizontal surface acoustic wave (SH-SAW) platform to assess the risk of heart disease. The platform employs a reflective SH-SAW sensor to reduce the sensor size and enhance the phase-shifted signals. In this study, the platform was utilized to monitor the impact of a weekly almond and oat milk or statins intervention on alterations in CVD risk. The SH-SAW ApoB test exhibited a linear range of 0 to 212 mg/dL, and a coefficient correlation (R) of 0.9912. Following a four-week intervention period, both the almond and oat milk intervention (-23.3%, p < 0.05) and statin treatment (-53.1%, p < 0.01) were observed to significantly reduce ApoB levels. These findings suggest that the SH-SAW POCT device may prove a valuable tool for monitoring CVD risk, particularly during routine daily or weekly follow-up visits.

Keywords: POCT; SH-SAW; almond; biosensor; cardiovascular disease (CVD); oat milk; statin.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Author C.-H.C. and H.Y. was employed by the company tst biomedical electronics Co., Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
The reflective SH-SAW biosensor chip employs a measurement system and structure comprising a forked finger sensor (IDT), a gold sensing area, and a reflector.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Operation of the iProtin reader with ApoB SH-SAW biosensor.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Recruitment and categorization of participants.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Schedule for measuring cardiovascular indices.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Establishment of 4PL fitting curve. (a) The real time curves of various ApoB concentrations. The darker line represents a higher concentration, the red lines indicate the slope at 10–30 s, which were used to establish the 4PL fitting curve; (b) 4PL fitting curve of ApoB chips based on the 10–30 s slope of the real-time curve.
Figure 6
Figure 6
The comparison study of the SH-SAW biosensor and the commercially available product.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Follow-up of ApoB concentration after 12 weeks of food therapy intervention.
Figure 8
Figure 8
The change of ApoB concentrations at 4, 8, and 12 weeks after the food therapy.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Comparison of ApoB-lowering effects in the food therapy group versus the statin treatment group: (a) line chart; (b) box plot.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Comparison of the effect of food therapy group in reducing the high-ApoB-baseline (>100 mg/dL) and the low-ApoB-baseline (<100 mg/dL) groups: (a) line chart; (b) box plot.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Tsao C.W., Aday A.W., Almarzooq Z.I., Alonso A., Beaton A.Z., Bittencourt M.S., Boehme A.K., Buxton A.E., Carson A.P., Commodore-Mensah Y., et al. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2022 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2022;145:e153–e639. - PubMed
    1. Celermajer David S., Chow Clara K., Marijon E., Anstey Nicholas M., Woo Kam S. Cardiovascular Disease in the Developing World: Prevalences, patterns, and the potential of early disease detection. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2012;60:1207–1216. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.03.074. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Cohn J.N., Hoke L., Whitwam W., Sommers P.A., Taylor A.L., Duprez D., Roessler R., Florea N. Screening for early detection of cardiovascular disease in asymptomatic individuals. Am. Heart. J. 2003;146:679–685. doi: 10.1016/S0002-8703(03)00499-X. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Wong H.Y., Marcu L.G., Bezak E., Parange N.A. Review of Health Economics of Point-of-Care Testing Worldwide and Its Efficacy of Implementation in the Primary Health Care Setting in Remote Australia. Risk Manag. Healthc. Policy. 2020;13:379–386. doi: 10.2147/RMHP.S247774. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Istvan E. Statin inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase: A 3-dimensional view. Atheroscler. Suppl. 2003;4:3–8. doi: 10.1016/S1567-5688(03)00003-5. - DOI - PubMed

Substances

LinkOut - more resources