Making Sense of Topical Pain Relief Options: Comparing Topical Analgesics in Efficacy and Safety

Abstract

Context: In patients with musculoskeletal (MSK) conditions, pain is the leading contributor to disability and significantly limits mobility and dexterity. This narrative review describes the efficacy and safety of topical analgesics in common use today.

Evidence acquisition: Secondary literature gained via a literature search using PubMed.gov and the Cochrane library were used.

Study design: Recent literature (2000-2023) on several major classes of topical analgesics and topical delivery systems were reviewed to provide strength of recommendation taxonomy (SORT) levels. A total of 86 articles were reviewed.

Level of evidence: Level 2.

Results: Topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and cabbage leaf wraps (CLW) appear to be best suited for multiple types of acute MSK pain, and topical nitroglycerin is helpful when used specifically for rotator cuff pain in patients seeking relief while performing activities of daily living and willing to treat for long periods of time. For compounded topical formulations, it may be better to offer single agent creams based on patient preferences. Little data support the use of cryotherapy. Traumeel could be a promising natural analgesic that compares with diclofenac. Topical lidocaine appears best suited for postherpetic neuropathic pain. O24 is a reasonable alternative with a low risk profile to treat pain in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome.

Conclusion: Choice of topical agents should be guided by current evidence accounting for type of pain, medication side effects, patient comorbidities, as well as patient preference, convenience, and cost.Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT):Of the topical analgesics and modalities reviewed, SORT level A evidence was found for topical NSAID use in decreasing MSK pain, topical lidocaine for postherpetic neuralgia, and nitroglycerin patches for treating rotator cuff pain if used for prolonged periods of time. Alternative treatments such as CLW and Traumeel show promising results (SORT level B).

Keywords: complementary medicine; compounded topical agents; cryotherapy; lidocaine; nitroglycerin; nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; topical analgesic.