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. 2024 Oct 27;14(1):25626.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-75737-y.

Field test and numerical research on explosion crater in calcareous sand

Changchun Li  1   2   3 , Yumin Chen  4   5 , Yingkang Yao  1 , Yonggang Gou  2 , Qiongting Wang  2 , Junwei Guo  2 , Xiao Xie  2 , Xiangyu Wang  6   7
Affiliations

Field test and numerical research on explosion crater in calcareous sand

Changchun Li et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

The explosion in foundation poses a significant threat to people and buildings. Currently, a unified empirical prediction formula for crater in calcareous foundation has not been established. In this paper, analyzed the types and sizes of explosion crater with different scaled burial depths through field tests and numerical simulation. In field tests, revealed the influence of scaled burial depth on the type and size of explosion crater and obtained the critical scaled burial depth for three different types of explosion craters, namely ejecta-type crater, collapse-type crater and covert explosion. Through the Smooth Particle Hydrodynamic-Finite Element Method (SPH-FEM) coupling algorithm, studied the movement trajectory of sand particles around the explosive at the moment of explosion in detail. Based on the field tests and numerical simulation results, it was found that calcareous sand has a smaller specific gravity due to its own characteristics, and the size of the explosion crater is larger than that of quartz sand at the same scaled burial depth. Obtained an empirical formula for crater in calcareous sand. Which can quickly predict the size of explosion crater and provide calculation basis for explosion resistant design in calcareous sand foundations.

Keywords: Calcareous sand; Crater; Field test; SPH-FEM; Scaled burial depth.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The ejecta-type crater.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
The collapse-type crater.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Calcareous sand.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Grain size distribution curve.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
The explosive.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Experimental diagram.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
The schematic of kernel function.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
The SPH-FEM coupling algorithm.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
3D SPH-FEM model of a quarter.
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Schematic of pressure versus volume response for sand.
Fig. 11
Fig. 11
The formation process of the crater (Condition BE2).
Fig. 12
Fig. 12
Diameter of crater (Condition BE4).
Fig. 13
Fig. 13
The type of the crater. (a) Ejecta-type crater (Condition BE2). (b) Collapse-type crater (Condition BE9).
Fig. 14
Fig. 14
The formation process of the ejecta-type crater.
Fig. 15
Fig. 15
Diameter and depth of crater.
Fig. 16
Fig. 16
Vector field of the velocity and displacement. (a) Vector field of velocity. (b) Vector field of displacement
Fig. 17
Fig. 17
Diameter of the crater under different TNT equivalents.
Fig. 18
Fig. 18
Relationship between diameter of crater and scaled burial depth.
Fig. 19
Fig. 19
Relationship between diameter of crater and scaled burial depth compared other’s results.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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