Managing Menopause: The Evolving Role of Estrogens, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, and Phytoestrogens in Balancing Hormonal Fluctuations

Abstract

Menopause is characterized by the cessation of menstruation for 12 consecutive months. In this narrative review, we describe the transitional stages of menopause, clinical presentation, pharmacological management of symptoms, and effects on fluctuating hormone levels. To standardize the stages of menopause, the Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop + 10 (STRAW+10) system was designed with five distinct categories corresponding to symptom presentation and numerical years. Common clinical presentations consist of vasomotor hot flashes, mood changes, decreased libido, osteoporosis, and genitourinary changes, all of which are associated with changes in hormone levels. Because hormones play a major role in the mechanism of menopause, hormone replacement therapy with estrogen, progesterone, or a combination is explored and shown to demonstrate symptom reduction in a large percentage of women. Nonhormonal treatment and alternative therapies are used to treat vasomotor symptoms if contraindications present to hormone therapy or for those who prefer fewer side effects. Thus, many women experience uncomfortable symptoms during menopause, some of which cause significant changes in quality of life. In this regard, understanding the pathophysiology, symptomatology, and current treatment options with side effect profiles allows for continued research and discovery of advanced therapy for treating symptoms to ameliorate discomfort and pain in menopausal women.

Keywords: estrogen; menopausal hormone therapy; menopausal nonhormonal therapy; menopause; phytoestrogen; ssris; symptoms.