Trends of Benzotriazoles and Benzothiazoles in Australian Pooled Urine Samples from 2012 to 2023

Abstract

Benzotriazoles (BZTs) and benzothiazoles (BTs) are high-production-volume chemicals utilized in many different commercial products and industrial processes, such as metal corrosion inhibitors, vulcanization accelerators, plastic-associated UV stabilizers, and pharmaceutical precursors. This study assessed age, gender, and temporal trends of BZTs and BTs in deidentified surplus pathology urine samples, pooled and stratified by age, gender, and sample collection year from a general Australian population (168 pools representing 16,800 individuals). Tolyltriazole (TTri), 5,6-dimethyl-1H-benzotriazole (DMBZT), 1,3-benzothiazole (BTH), 2-hydroxybenzothiazole (2-OH-BTH), and 2-aminobenzothiazole (2-amino-BTH) were detected in >50% of the pools. TTri was frequently detected in pooled samples representing ≤45-year-olds (both genders). Concentrations of DMBZT, BTH (females), 2-OH-BTH, and 2-amino-BTH (females) increased with age significantly, with adults (>15 years old) showing higher levels than children (≤15 years old). Gender differences in DMBZT concentrations (females > males) were observed across all sampling years and only in some for TTri (males > females: >45 years old), BTH (females > males), and 2-amino-BTH (males > females). A temporal increase in BTH, 2-OH-BTH, and 2-amino-BTH levels within the studied period (2012-2023) has been observed. Our findings suggest ongoing exposure of the Australian general population to BZTs and BTs, highlighting age, gender, and temporal trends of these compounds as measured via their urinary concentrations.

Keywords: benzothiazoles; benzotriazoles; exposure trends; human biomonitoring; urine.