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. 2025 Aug 1;156(2):304-315.
doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000011831. Epub 2024 Oct 28.

Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology in Patients with Craniofacial Microsomia and Microtia

Elsa M Ronde Md  1   2   3   4   5   6   7   8 , Guido A de Jong PhD  5   6 , Jitske W Nolte Md Dmd PhD  2   3   4   9 , Marloes E L Nienhuijs Md Dmd PhD  5 , Neil W Bulstrode Frcs Plast  7   8 , Thomas J J Maal PhD  5   6 , Alfred G Becking Md Dmd PhD  2   3   4   9 , Corstiaan C Breugem Md PhD  1   3   4 ; 3DCFMM Research Consortium
Collaborators, Affiliations

Three-Dimensional Facial Morphology in Patients with Craniofacial Microsomia and Microtia

Elsa M Ronde Md et al. Plast Reconstr Surg. .

Abstract

Background: Craniofacial microsomia (CFM) is classified using the subjective orbit, mandible, ear, nerve, and soft tissue (OMENS) tool. Digital stereophotogrammetry (ie, 3-dimensional [3D] photography) can be used to capture facial shape objectively. This case-control study assessed the applicability of 3D photography in distinguishing between patients with CFM and individuals without a craniofacial condition, as well as classifying the severity of facial involvement.

Methods: The 3D photographs of patients with CFM or microtia from Amsterdam UMC, Radboudumc, or Great Ormond Street Hospital, and of individuals without craniofacial conditions, were assessed. Differences between patients and controls were explored through asymmetry index (ASI) and facial signature (FS) scores, as well as principal components analysis of FS scores and logistic regression. Correlations between OMENS scores and ASI, FS, and principal components scores were evaluated.

Results: A total of 179 patients and 210 controls were analyzed. ASI and FS scores differed significantly between patients and controls ( P < 0.001), and were correlated with several OMENS subscales. The logistic regression model distinguishing between patients and controls showed increasing asymmetry of the mandible and orbits with increasing Pruzansky-Kaban score. Patients with isolated microtia deviated from controls in the midface.

Conclusion: Clinically significant differences in the facial morphology of patients with CFM and microtia were found compared with controls, suggesting that 3D photography can be used to assess the severity of facial involvement in a novel, objective, and safe way in these patients.

Clinical question/level of evidence: Diagnostic, IV.

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