Saharan dust and respiratory health: Understanding the link between airborne particulate matter and chronic lung diseases (Review)

Abstract

Saharan dust storms, which originate from the Sahara desert, have a significant impact on global health, especially on respiratory conditions of populations exposed to fine particulate matter that travels across continents. Dust events, characterized by the transport of mineral dust such as quartz and feldspar, lead to the suspension of particulate matter in the atmosphere, capable of traversing long distances and affecting air quality adversely. Emerging research links these dust episodes with increased incidence and exacerbation of lung diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, especially during peak dust emission seasons from November to March. The present review aims to synthesize existing scientific evidence concerning the respiratory health impacts of Saharan dust, examining the environmental dynamics of dust transmission, the physical and chemical properties of dust particles, and their biological effects on human health. Further, it assesses epidemiological studies and discusses public health strategies for mitigating adverse health outcomes. Given the complexity of interactions between atmospheric dust particles and respiratory health, this review also highlights critical research gaps that need attention to better understand and manage the health risks associated with Saharan dust.

Keywords: Sahara desert; Saharan dust; particulate matter; public health strategies; respiratory health.

Figure 1

Impact of Saharan dust on respiratory health. This figure illustrates various health conditions associated with exposure to Saharan dust particles, including asthma exacerbation, airway hyperresponsiveness, inflammatory responses, respiratory infections, oxidative stress and COPD. Vulnerable populations, such as individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions and children, are particularly at risk. Dust particles can cause significant respiratory issues through pathways such as oxidative stress and airway inflammation. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.