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Meta-Analysis
. 2024 Oct 31;10(10):CD013821.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013821.pub2.

Implants versus autologous tissue flaps for breast reconstruction following mastectomy

Nicola Rocco  1   2 , Giuseppe F Catanuto  3   4 , Giuseppe Accardo  5 , Nunzio Velotti  6 , Paolo Chiodini  7 , Michela Cinquini  8 , Francesca Privitera  9 , Corrado Rispoli  10 , Maurizio B Nava  11
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Implants versus autologous tissue flaps for breast reconstruction following mastectomy

Nicola Rocco et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Women who have a mastectomy for breast cancer treatment or risk reduction may be offered different options for breast reconstruction, including use of implants or the woman's own tissue (autologous tissue flaps). The choice of technique depends on factors such as the woman's preferences, breast characteristics, preoperative imaging, comorbidities, smoking habits, prior chest or breast irradiation, and planned adjuvant therapies.

Objectives: To assess the effects of implants versus autologous tissue flaps for postmastectomy breast reconstruction on women's quality of life, satisfaction, and short- and long-term surgical complications.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Breast Cancer Group's Specialised Register, CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, and two trials registries in July 2022.

Selection criteria: We included studies that compared implant-based reconstruction with autologous tissue-based reconstruction following mastectomy for breast cancer treatment or risk reduction. The minimum eligible sample size was 100 participants.

Data collection and analysis: Two review authors independently assessed risk of bias and extracted data using standard Cochrane procedures. We used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence.

Main results: Thirty-five non-randomised studies with 57,555 participants met our inclusion criteria. There were nine prospective cohort studies and 26 retrospective cohort studies. We judged 26 studies at serious overall risk of bias and the remaining studies at moderate overall risk of bias. Some studies measured quality of life and satisfaction using the BREAST-Q (scale of 0 to 100, higher is better). Implants may reduce postoperative psychosocial well-being compared with autologous tissue flaps (mean difference (MD) -4.26 points, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.91 to -3.61; I² = 0%; 6 studies, 3335 participants; low-certainty evidence). Implants may reduce or have little to no effect on postoperative physical well-being compared with autologous tissue flaps, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -1.92 points, 95% CI -4.44 to 0.60; I² = 87%; 6 studies, 3335 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Implants may reduce postoperative sexual well-being compared with autologous reconstruction (MD -6.63 points, 95% CI -7.55 to -5.72; I² = 0; 6 studies, 3335 participants; low-certainty evidence). Women who undergo breast reconstruction with implants versus autologous tissue flaps may be less satisfied with the breast, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -8.17 points, 95% CI -11.41 to -4.92; I² = 90%; 6 studies, 3335 participants; very low-certainty evidence). This outcome refers to a woman's satisfaction with breast size, bra fit, appearance in the mirror (clothed or unclothed), and how the breast feels to touch. Women who undergo breast reconstruction with implants versus autologous tissue flaps may be less satisfied with the reconstruction (MD -5.96 points, 95% CI -10.24 to -1.68; I² = 62%; 4 studies, 1196 participants; low-certainty evidence). This outcome refers to whether the aesthetic outcome has met the woman's expectations, the impact surgery has had on her life, and whether she thinks she made the right decision to have the reconstruction. Implants may reduce or have little to no effect on the risk of short-term complications compared with autologous tissue flaps, but the evidence is very uncertain (risk ratio (RR) 0.80, 95% CI 0.63 to 1.03; I² = 91%; 22 studies, 34,244 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Implants may increase long-term complications compared with autologous tissue flaps, but the evidence is very uncertain (RR 1.56, 95% CI 1.09 to 2.22; I² = 94%; 17 studies, 26,930 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Implants may have little to no effect on the need for reintervention compared with autologous tissue flaps, but the evidence is very uncertain (RR 1.23, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.68; I² = 93%; 15 studies, 14,171 participants; very low-certainty evidence). Implants may reduce the duration of surgery compared with autologous tissue flaps, but the evidence is very uncertain (MD -125.04 minutes, 95% CI -131.41 to -118.67; I² = 0; 2 studies, 836 participants; very low-certainty evidence).

Authors' conclusions: The findings of this review show that autologous tissue-based reconstruction compared with implant-based reconstruction may improve participant-reported outcomes such as psychosocial well-being, sexual well-being, and satisfaction with the reconstruction. There is also very uncertain evidence to suggest that autologous tissue-based reconstruction increases satisfaction with the breast and reduces the risk of long-term complications compared with implants. Implant-based reconstruction may be a shorter procedure, but the evidence is very uncertain. Despite the growing demand for breast reconstruction, the best technique has not been adequately studied in randomised controlled trials (RCTs), and the evidence provided by non-randomised studies is often unsatisfactory. There is no superior breast reconstruction technique for all women. Future research should focus on the definition of decisional drivers to guide an evidence-based shared decision-making process in reconstructive breast surgery.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

NR: none known. NR also works as a health professional at the University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy. GC: none known. GC also works as a health professional at Humanitas Istituto Clinico Catanese Misterbianco and is affiliated with the ESSO European Society of Surgical Oncology Fondazione G.Re.T.A. ETS that has provided advice or a position on this topic. GA: none known. NV: none known. PC: none known. MC: none known. FP: none known. CR: none known. MBN: none known. To date, MBN has published one book on the topic of surgery.

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  • doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013821

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    1. Jonsdottir K, Rafnsdottir SL, Kjartansdottir T, Kristvinsson H, Jonsson T, Asgeirsson KS. Results of immediate breast reconstructions at Landspitali-The National University Hospital of Iceland, in 2008-2010 [Tíđni og árangur tafarlausra brjóstauppbygginga á Landspítala 2008-2010]. Laeknabladid 2012;98(9):459-63. - PubMed
Kamali 2019 {published data only}
    1. Kamali P, Bommel A, Becherer B, Cooter R, Mureau MAM, Pusic A, et al. Immediate breast reconstruction in The Netherlands and the United States: a proof-of-concept to internationally compare quality of care using cancer registry data. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2019;144(4):565-74e. - PubMed
Klement 2019 {published data only}
    1. Klement KA, Hijjawi JB, LoGiudice JA, Alghoul M, Omesiete-Adejare P. Microsurgical breast reconstruction in the Obese: a better option than tissue expander/implant reconstruction? Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2019;144(3):539-46. - PubMed
Kouwenberg 2018a {published data only}
    1. Kouwenberg CA, Ligt KM, Rakhorst HA, Leeuw D, Siesling S, Buschbach JJ, et al. Long-term quality of life after four common surgical treatment pathways for breast cancer and the effect of complications: a retrospective patient-reported survey among 1871 patients. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2020;146(1):1-13. - PubMed
Kouwenberg 2018b {published data only}
    1. Kouwenberg CA, Hoogdalem LE, Gopie JP, Tibben A, Mureau MA, Ismail SY, et al. Patients' and surgeons' experiences after failed breast reconstruction: a qualitative study. Cancer Research 2018;79(4):Suppl 1. - PubMed
Lagares‐Borrego 2016 {published data only}
    1. Lagares-Borrego A, Gacto-Sanchez P, Infante-Cossio P, Barrera-Pulido F, Sicilia-Castro D, Gomez-Cia T. A comparison of long-term cost and clinical outcomes between the two-stage sequence expander/prosthesis and autologous deep inferior epigastric flap methods for breast reconstruction in a public hospital. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 2016;69(2):196-205. - PubMed
Lai 1999 {published data only}
    1. Lai YL, Weng CJ, Noordhoff MS. Breast reconstruction following excision of phylloides tumor. Annals of Plastic Surgery 1999;43(2):132-6. - PubMed
Langstein 2003 {published data only}
    1. Langstein HN, Cheng MH, Singletary SE, Robb GL, Hoy E, Smith TL, et al. Breast cancer recurrence after immediate reconstruction: patterns and significance. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2003;111(2):712-20; discussion 721. - PubMed
Laporta 2017b {published data only}
    1. Laporta R, Longo B, Sorotos M, Farcomeni A, Patti C, Mastrangeli MR, et al. Breast reconstruction following nipple-sparing mastectomy: clinical outcomes and risk factors related complications. Journal of Plastic Surgery and Hand Surgery 2017;51(6):427-35. - PubMed
Leach 2018 {published data only}
    1. Leach CM, Collins MS. Breast reconstruction in the setting of surgical prevention for breast cancer. Current Breast Cancer Reports 2018;10(3):219-25.
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee KT, Pyon JK, Bang SI, Lee JE, Nam SJ, Mun GH. Does the reconstruction method influence development of mastectomy flap complications in nipple-sparing mastectomy? Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 2013;66(11):1543-50. - PubMed
Lee 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lee KT, Bang SI, Pyon JK, Hwang JH, Mun GH. Method of breast reconstruction and the development of lymphoedema. British Journal of Surgery 2017;104(3):230-7. - PubMed
Lipa 2003 {published data only}
    1. Lipa JE, Youssef AA, Kuerer HM, Robb GL, Chang DW. Breast reconstruction in older women: advantages of autogenous tissue. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2003;111(3):1110-21. - PubMed
Matthews 2017 {published data only}
    1. Matthews H, Carroll N, Renshaw D, Turner A, Park A, Skillman J, et al. Predictors of satisfaction and quality of life following post-mastectomy breast reconstruction. Psycho-Oncology 2017;26(11):1860-5. - PubMed
Merchant 2015 {published data only}
    1. Merchant SJ, Goldstein L, Kruper LL. Patterns and trends in immediate postmastectomy reconstruction in California: complications and unscheduled readmissions. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2015;136(1):10-9e. - PubMed
Nahabedian 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nahabedian MY. Symmetrical breast reconstruction: analysis of secondary procedures after reconstruction with implants and autologous tissue. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2005;115(1):257-60. - PubMed
Naoum 2020b {published data only}
    1. Naoum GE, Oladeru OT, Niemierko A, Salama L, Winograd J, Colwell A, et al. Optimal breast reconstruction type for patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy, mastectomy followed by radiation therapy. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment 2020;183(1):127-36. - PubMed
Nelson 2012 {published data only}
    1. Nelson JA, Tchou J, Domchek S, Sonnad SS, Serletti JM, Wu LC. Breast reconstruction in bilateral prophylactic mastectomy patients: factors that influence decision making. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 2012;65(11):1481-9. - PubMed
Nelson 2019 {published data only}
    1. Nelson JA, Voineskos SH, Qi J, Kim HM, Hamill JB, Wilkins EG, et al. Elective revisions after breast reconstruction: results from the Mastectomy Reconstruction Outcomes Consortium. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2019;144(6):1280-90. - PMC - PubMed
Nemir 2017 {published data only}
    1. Nemir S, Moliver CL. Commentary on: nipple reconstruction after autologous or expander breast reconstruction: a multimodal and 3-dimensional analysis. Aesthetic Surgery Journal 2017;37(2):188-9. - PubMed
Nestle‐Kramling 2016 {published data only}
    1. Nestle-Kramling C, Bolke E, Budach W, Andree C. Breast reconstruction after neoadjuvant radio chemotherapy: review and personal technique IDEAL concept REV-EJMR-D-15-00268. European Journal of Medical Research 2016;21(1):24. - PMC - PubMed
Nieto 2000 {published data only}
    1. Nieto Y, Shpall EJ. High-dose chemotherapy for breast cancer. Cancer Treatment & Research 2000;103:77-114. - PubMed
Offodile 2016 {published data only}
    1. Offodile AC 2nd, Wenger J, Guo L. Relationship between comorbid conditions and utilization patterns of immediate breast reconstruction subtypes post-mastectomy. Breast Journal 2016;22(3):310-5. - PubMed
Ogunleye 2011 {published data only}
    1. Ogunleye AA, Blacam C, Curtis MS, Colakoglu S, Tobias AM, Lee BT. An analysis of delayed breast reconstruction outcomes as recorded in the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery 2011;65(3):289-94. - PubMed
Oh 2019 {published data only}
    1. Oh DD, Flitcroft K, Brennan ME, Snook KL, Spillane AJ. Outcomes of breast reconstruction in older women: patterns of uptake and clinical outcomes in a large metropolitan practice. ANZ Journal of Surgery 2019;89(6):706-11. - PubMed
Osugi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Osugi I, Inoue Y, Utsumi T, Kobayashi N, Yoshimura Y. Comparison of the outcomes of breast reconstruction after nonskin-sparing mastectomy and skin-sparing mastectomy. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2012;38(9):873-4.
Ouyang 2015a {published data only}
    1. Ouyang Q, Zhu L, Chen K, Su F. Effect of implant vs. tissue reconstruction on cancer specific survival varies by axillary lymph node status in breast cancer patients. PLoS ONE 2015;10(2):e0118161. - PMC - PubMed
Ouyang 2015b {published data only}
    1. Ouyang Q, Zhu L, Chen K, Su F. Effect of implant vs. tissue reconstruction on cancer specific survival varies by axillary lymph node status in breast cancer patients. PLoS ONE 2015;10(2):e0118161. - PMC - PubMed
Papadopulos 2006 {published data only}
    1. Papadopulos NA, Kovacs L, Baumann A, Ali S, Herschbach P, Henrich G, et al. Quality of life and patient satisfaction after breast reconstruction [Lebensqualität und Zufriedenheit nach Brustrekonstruktion]. Der Chirurg 2006;77(7):610-5. - PubMed
Pek 2018 {published data only}
    1. Pek WS, Tan BK, Ru Ng YY, Kiak Mien Tan V, Rasheed MZ, Kiat Tee Tan B, et al. Immediate breast reconstruction following nipple-sparing mastectomy in an Asian population: aesthetic outcomes and mitigating nipple-areolar complex necrosis. Archives of Plastic Surgery 2018;45(3):229-38. - PMC - PubMed
Pestana 2013 {published data only}
    1. Pestana IA, Campbell DC, Bharti G, Thompson JT. Factors affecting complications in radiated breast reconstruction. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2013;70(5):542-5. - PubMed
Pinell‐White 2015 {published data only}
    1. Pinell-White XA, Duggal C, Metcalfe D, Sackeyfio R, Hart AM, Losken A. Patient-reported quality of life after breast reconstruction: a one-year longitudinal study using the WHO-QOL survey. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2015;75(2):144-8. - PubMed
Polom 2009 {published data only}
    1. Polom K, Murawa D, Wasiewicz J, Polom W, Murawa P. Breast reconstruction surgery of breast cancer patients. Review of literature [Rekonstrukcja gruczołu piersiowego u chorych leczonych z powodu raka piersi. Przegląd piśmiennictwa]. Wspolczesna Onkologia 2009;13(6):304-8.
Robertson 2020 {published data only}
    1. Robertson BF, Campbell EJ, Armstrong M, Malyon A. Reconstructive trends following mastectomies in Scotland: a comparison with England. The Surgeon 2021;19(4):212-28. - PubMed
Rusby 2010 {published data only}
    1. Rusby JE, Waters RA, Nightingale PG, England DW. Immediate breast reconstruction after mastectomy: what are the long-term prospects? Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 2010;92(3):193-7. - PMC - PubMed
Scott 2012 {published data only}
    1. Scott A, Ho A, Klassen A, Cano S, VanLaeken N, Cordeiro P, Pusic A. Patient-reported satisfaction with reconstructed breasts in the long-term survivorship period: comparison of autologous and nonautologous breast reconstruction. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2012;30(15):Suppl 1.
Simon 2020 {published data only}
    1. Simon P, Barrou J, Cohen M, Rua S, Lambaudie E, Houvenaeghel G. Types of mastectomies and immediate reconstructions for ipsilateral breast local recurrences. Frontiers in Oncology 2020;10:567298. - PMC - PubMed
Spear 2001 {published data only}
    1. Spear SL, Slack C, Howard MA. Postmastectomy reconstruction of the previously augmented breast: diagnosis, staging, methodology, and outcome. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2001;107(5):1167-76. - PubMed
Spear 2008a {published data only}
    1. Spear SL, Schwarz KA, Venturi ML, Barbosa T, Al-Attar A. Prophylactic mastectomy and reconstruction: clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2008;122(1):1-9. - PubMed
Spear 2008b {published data only}
    1. Spear SL, Newman MK, Bedford MS, Schwartz KA, Cohen M, Schwartz JS. A retrospective analysis of outcomes using three common methods for immediate breast reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2008;122(2):340-7. - PubMed
Spiegel 2003 {published data only}
    1. Spiegel AJ, Butler CE. Recurrence following treatment of ductal carcinoma in situ with skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2003;111(2):706-11. - PubMed
Srinivasa 2020 {published data only}
    1. Srinivasa DR, Clemens MW, Qi J, Hamill JB, Kim HM, Pusic AL, et al. Obesity and breast reconstruction: complications and patient-reported outcomes in a multicenter, prospective study. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2020;145(3):481-90e. - PubMed
Stanec 2014 {published data only}
    1. Stanec Z, Zic R, Budi S, Stanec S, Milanovic R, Vlajcic Z, et al. Skin and nipple-areola complex sparing mastectomy in breast cancer patients: 15-year experience. Annals of Plastic Surgery 2014;73(5):485-91. - PubMed
Steele 2014 {published data only}
    1. Steele K, Monk E, Adi R, Shah E, Subramanian A. Retrospective study into the rates of mastectomy and breast reconstruction at a District General Hospital. European Journal of Surgical Oncology 2014;40(5):620.
Sullivan 2008 {published data only}
    1. Sullivan SR, Fletcher DR, Isom CD, Isik FF. True incidence of all complications following immediate and delayed breast reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2008;122(1):19-28. - PubMed
Sultan 1997 {published data only}
    1. Sultan MR, Smith ML, Estabrook A, Schnabel F, Singh D. Immediate breast reconstruction in patients with locally advanced disease. Annals of Plastic Surgery 1997;38(4):345-9; discussion 350. - PubMed
Susini 2019 {published data only}
    1. Susini T, Renda I, Giani M, Vallario A, Nori J, Vanzi E, et al. Changing trends in mastectomy and breast reconstruction. Analysis of a single-institution experience between 2004-2016. Anticancer Research 2019;39(10):5709-14. - PubMed
Tallroth 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tallroth L, Velander P, Klasson S. A short-term comparison of expander prosthesis and DIEP flap in breast reconstructions: a prospective randomized study. Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive & Aesthetic Surgery 2021;74(6):1193-202. - PubMed
Taylor 2019 {published data only}
    1. Taylor EM, Wilkins EG, Pusic AL, Qi J, Kim HM, Hamill JB, et al. Impact of unilateral versus bilateral breast reconstruction on procedure choices and outcomes. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery 2019;143(6):1159-68e. - PMC - PubMed
Thiero 2019 {published data only}
    1. Thiero O, Garstka M, Stolier A, Kandil E. Comparison of risks of readmission after breast cancer reconstruction procedures: an analysis of 2011 to 2014 national readmission database. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 2019;101(5 Suppl):557.
Thoma 2020 {published data only}
    1. Thoma A, Avram R, Dal Cin A, Murphy J, Duku E, Xie F. Cost-effectiveness analysis of abdominal-based autogenous tissue and tissue-expander implant following mastectomy. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Global Open 2020;8(10):e2986. - PMC - PubMed
Ticha 2020 {published data only}
    1. Ticha P, Mestak O, Wu M, Bujda M, Sukop A. Patient-reported outcomes of three different types of breast reconstruction with correlation to the clinical data 5 years postoperatively. Aesthetic Plastic Surgery 2020;44(6):2021-9. - PubMed

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