Submacular hemorrhage: My personal journey to the goal

Abstract

Acute submacular hemorrhage (SMH) can be caused by various diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and retinal arterial microaneurysm (RAM). The natural course of submacular hemorrhage is generally poor. Animal studies have suggested that the removal of subretinal hemorrhage may effectively reduce retinal damage caused by hemorrhage in humans and removal of submacular hemorrhage have been performed with limited visual outcomes. Pneumatic displacement involving intravitreal expansile gas with or without adjunctive intravitreal injection of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) has demonstrated effective displacement of SMH and improvement in visual acuity in the majority of cases. Although tPA may not be indispensable, its use may facilitate displacement. Combining pneumatic displacement with vitrectomy and subretinal injection of tPA may achieve superior displacement of SMH compared to pneumatic displacement of SMH, implying that pneumatic displacement of SMH with vitrectomy and subretinal injection may offer enhanced effectiveness in SMH displacement, while no obvious different was found in visual outcomes between the two treatments. Complications associated with these procedures encompass breakthrough hemorrhage, retinal detachment and macular hole formation. Breakthrough hemorrhage is more commonly observed following pneumatic displacement whereas retinal detachment appears to be more prevalent following vitrectomy. Macular hole formation subsequent to vitrectomy represents a significant complication, particularly in eyes with SMH attributed to ruptured retinal arterial microaneurysm. Both pneumatic displacement and vitrectomy present advantages and disadvantages, and the superiority between the two remains undetermined. Sequential strategy for the treatment of submacular hemorrhage is another option. As the initial step, pneumatic displacement of SMH should be attempted, and if displacement is insufficient, pneumatic displacement following vitrectomy with subretinal injection of tPA may be pursued. Further investigations are warranted to ascertain optimal management strategies for SMH leading to improved outcomes. KEY MESSAGES: What is known • Pneumatic displacement with/without intravitreal tPA injection, and vitrectomy with subretinal tPA injection and gas are the two major treatments for submacular hemorrhage. What is new • No obvious different was found in visual outcomes between vitrectomy, subretinal tPA injection and gas, and intravitreal tPA injection and gas while vitrectomy with subretinal tPA injection and gas may achieve better displacement of submacular hemorrhage. • Macular hole formation is a specific complication for submacular hemorrhage due to ruptured retinal arterial macroaneurysm.

Keywords: Acute submacular hemorrhage; Age-related macular degeneration; Pneumatic displacement; Retinal arterial microaneurysm; Vitrectomy.