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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Feb;27(1):149-170.
doi: 10.1007/s10903-024-01641-2. Epub 2024 Oct 31.

Exposure to Racism and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes for Black Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Marissa A Beldon  1 , Shondra L Clay  2 , Stephanie D Uhr  2 , Candice L Woolfolk  3 , Imani J Canton  4
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Exposure to Racism and Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes for Black Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Marissa A Beldon et al. J Immigr Minor Health. 2025 Feb.

Abstract

Research suggests that stress due to racism may underlie the disproportionately high rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes experienced by Black women in the US. Study objectives: (1) Identify forms of systemic racism affecting pregnancy outcomes and (2) increase understanding about the role of racism in adverse pregnancy outcomes for Black women. A systematic review was conducted to explore the relationship between systemic racism and pregnancy outcomes for Black women. Searches were performed using EBSCO Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Complete, and Consumer Health Complete first between January to April 2021 and subsequently between November 2023 to January 2024. Included studies were observational, written in English, had full-text availability, examined at least one form of systemic racism and pregnancy outcome, and reported results for Black women. A meta-analysis was performed using a random effects model, summary effect estimates were pooled by pregnancy outcome. The I2 statistic was used to measure heterogeneity between studies. A total of 32 studies were included in the review. Significant pooled effects of exposure to systemic racism were observed for preterm birth 0.30 (95% CI 0.12-0.48), small for gestational age 0.31 (95% CI 0.05-0.58), and low birth weight 0.24 (95% CI 0.11-0.37). Among studies that compared results by race, exposure to systemic racism had a significant and rather large effect on preterm birth for Black women (ds = 0.62; 95% CI 0.06-0.41). Exposure to systemic racism has a significant effect on preterm birth, small for gestational age, and low birth weight for Black women. Having knowledge of how racism contributes to stress and poor pregnancy outcomes can help health professionals improve delivery of quality care to Black women. Future research should continue identifying forms of racism positively related to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Keywords: Black women; Meta-analysis; Pregnancy outcomes; Racism; Stress; Systematic review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing Interests: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article, nor do they have relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

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