Competing interests S.P. reports research grants from Amylyx Therapeutics, Revalesio Corporation, Alector, Eledon, UCB, Biohaven, Clene Nanomedicine, Prilenia, Seelos, Calico, Denali, NIH, CDC, DoD, The ALS Association, the American Academy of Neurology, ALS Finding a Cure, the Salah Foundation, the Spastic Paraplegia Foundation, the Muscular Dystrophy Association, Tambourine and reports consulting fees from Amylyx, Orion, Medscape, Eikonizo, Prilenia, Clene, PharmAust, Merck, Biogen, Janssen, Arrowhead, and Cytokinetics. M.C. reports consulting fees from Novartis, Roche, Transposon, VectorY, Quralis, Cytokinetics, Regeneron, Pasithea, Inflectis, Servier, Coya and is board member at Praxis. She has received institutional research support from UCB, Biohaven, Clene Nanomedicine, Prilenia, Seelos, Calico, Denali, Coya, ITB, ALSA, MDA, ALS Finding a Cure, ALS One, Arthur Blank Foundation and the NINDS. B.H. and E.G. report no competing interests.