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. 2025 Aug 5;194(8):2111-2218.
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwae426.

The association of adolescent to midlife weight change with age at natural menopause: a population study of 263 586 women in Norway

Julie R Langås  1 , Anne Eskild  2   3 , Solveig Hofvind  4   5 , Elisabeth K Bjelland  1   2
Affiliations

The association of adolescent to midlife weight change with age at natural menopause: a population study of 263 586 women in Norway

Julie R Langås et al. Am J Epidemiol. .

Abstract

Age at menopause varies considerably among women and is linked to health after menopause. Body mass index is associated with age at natural menopause, but the influence of weight change remains unclear. Thus, we studied associations of adolescent to midlife weight change with age at natural menopause. We performed a retrospective, population-based, cohort study of 263 586 women aged 50-69 years attending BreastScreen Norway (2006-2015). The associations were estimated as hazard ratios (HRs) for having reached menopause, using Cox proportional hazard models. We included 9 categories of weight change based on recalls of adolescent weight compared with peers and quartiles of midlife weight in kilograms. We adjusted for year and country of birth, education, number of childbirths, height, smoking, and exercise. Women with the largest estimated weight loss had the highest hazard of reaching menopause (adjusted HR = 1.11; 95% CI, 1.06-1.17) compared with women with estimated stable average weight. Conversely, women with the largest estimated weight gain had a lower hazard of reaching menopause (adjusted HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.93-0.99). Women with estimated stable high weight had the lowest hazard of reaching menopause (adjusted HR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.90-0.95). Our findings suggest changes in body weight across the life course may influence the timing of menopause.

Keywords: body weight changes; body-weight trajectory; cohort study; lifestyle; menopause; weight gain; weight loss.

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Conflict of interest statement

None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flow chart of the study sample; 263 586 women in BreastScreen Norway (2006-2015).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Hazard ratios (HR) of the association of weight change with age at natural menopause with 95% CI among women in BreastScreen Norway, born 1936-1966. The HRs were estimated by applying the Cox proportional hazard model and adjusted for year of birth, country or region of birth, educational level, number of childbirths, height, smoking habits, and exercise. A HR > 1.00 indicates earlier menopause compared to the reference group and HR < 1.00 indicates later menopause. The study sample was restricted to women with information on all variables (n = 205 243).
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