Expanded Field OCT Angiography Biomarkers for Predicting Clinically Significant Outcomes in Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy

Abstract

Purpose: To evaluate the utility of extended field swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (SS-OCTA) imaging biomarkers in predicting the occurrence of clinically significant outcomes in eyes with Non-Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (NPDR).

Design: Retrospective clinical case-control study.

Methods: Single-center clinical study. Eighty-eight eyes with NPDR from 57 participants (median age: 64.0 years; mean duration of diabetes: 15.8 years) with at least 2 consecutive SS-OCTA scans over a follow-up period of at least 6 months were included. The presence of intraretinal microvascular abnormalities (IRMAs) at baseline and the stability of IRMAs during follow-up period on 12 × 12-mm angiograms were evaluated. Baseline nonperfusion ischemia index (ISI) and other SS-OCTA metrics were calculated on FIJI and ARI Network. Significant clinical outcomes were defined as occurrence of one or more of the following events at the last available clinical visit:1. significant DR progression (2-step DR progression or progression to proliferative DR (PDR)); 2) development of new center-involving diabetic macular edema (CI-DME); and 3) initiation of treatment with PRP or anti-VEGF injections during the follow-up period. Mixed-effects Cox regression models was used to explore these outcomes.

Results: Following a clinical follow-up period lasting 25.1 ± 10.8 months, we observed significant clinical outcomes in 17 eyes (19.3%). Among these, 7 eyes (8.0%) experienced significant progression and 4 eyes (4.5%) developed CI-DME. Anti-VEGF injections were initiated in 15 eyes (17.0%), while PRP was initiated in 2 eyes (2.3%). Upon adjusting for age, the duration of DM, and prior Anti-VEGF treatments, our analysis revealed that non-stable IRMAs during the follow-up periods and a higher ischemia index at baseline were significantly associated with the occurrence of significant clinical outcomes with HRs of 3.88 (95% CI: 1.56-9.64; p = .004) and 1.05 (95% CI: 1.02-1.09; p = .004), respectively.

Conclusions: In conclusion, NPDR eyes with non-stable IRMAs over time and more ischemia at baseline are in higher risk of developing significant clinical outcomes. Our findings suggest that expanded field SS-OCTA may offer additional prognostic benefits for clinical DR staging and predicting high-risk patients.