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Review
. 2024 Oct 21;50(3):148-153.
doi: 10.5152/tud.2024.24024.

Prognostic Value of TGF-β Expression in Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Shima Kianmehr  1 , Mohammad Vahabirad  1 , Atefeh Seghatoleslam  2 , Erfan Sadeghi  3 , Roozbeh Kiani  2 , Hadi Ghasemi  2
Affiliations
Review

Prognostic Value of TGF-β Expression in Bladder Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Shima Kianmehr et al. Urol Res Pract. .

Abstract

Objective: Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a member of the growth factor superfamily that clinical studies address its association with bladder cancer invasion, progression, and metastasis. The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to explore the prognostic significance of TGF-β expression in bladder cancer patients.

Materials and methods: The major international databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus, were searched for full-text literature citations. The hazard ratio (HR) with a 95% CI as the effect size was applied as the appropriate summarized statistic. We used a random-effects model using the DerSimonian and Laird method to estimate the pooled effect size. To assess the heterogeneity among trials, the I-square (I 2 ) statistic and Cochran's Q test were used. Forest and funnel plots were drawn to respectively demonstrate the findings and detect any existing publication bias.

Results: This meta-analysis included 3 studies that met the criteria and included 535 patients. The combined HR for the selected studies was 2.250 (95% CI=(1.411, 3.586), P< .001) and no significant heterogeneity was detected between trials (I 2=58.63, P=.089). Furthermore, no severe asymmetry was seen within the funnel plot, indicating a lack of potential publication bias.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that TGF-β expression can remarkably predict a worse prognosis in patients with bladder cancer. The results of the present meta-analysis may be validated through further updated reviews and additional relevant investigations in future studies.

Keywords: Bladder cancer; TGF-β; meta-analysis; prognosis.

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Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Prisma flowchart.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Forrest plot presenting results of the random-effects model and the estimated pooled hazard ratio for overall survival. HR, Hazard ratio.
Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Funnel plot for assessment of publication bias.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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