Quality of life, physical symptoms, and psychological symptoms according to the status of chronic vestibulopathy

Abstract

Objectives: Symptomatic vestibulopathy impairs patients' lives. However, few studies have explored the lives of patients with compensated or asymptomatic vestibulopathy. This study investigated the quality of life (QOL), psychological health, and physical function of patients with vestibulopathy.

Materials and methods: Using the eighth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database, we included individuals with data on demographic factors, diabetes, hypertension, dizziness experiences, pure-tone audiometry, video head impulse test (vHIT), Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items, General Anxiety Disorder 7-item scale, stress, and walking and sitting times. Participants were classified into the following groups: an uncompensated group with abnormal vHIT result and chronic dizziness, a compensated group with abnormal vHIT result and a history of dizziness, an asymptomatic group with abnormal vHIT result and no history of dizziness, and a normal group without abnormal vHIT result or a history of dizziness.

Results: Uncompensated vestibulopathy was more common in older individuals and women. The uncompensated group showed impairments in climbing stairs (P < 0.001), pain (P < 0.001), vitality (P = 0.001), working (P < 0.001), depression (P < 0.001), sleep (P = 0.001), happiness (P = 0.002), anxiety (P = 0.006), and stress (P = 0.003). The compensated group showed deficits in pain (P < 0.001), work (P = 0.006), sleep (P = 0.001), and happiness (P = 0.001). The asymptomatic group had no deficits in QOL, psychological health, or physical function. These tendencies were similar after controlling for age and gender.

Conclusion: Vestibulopathy with a history of dizziness has a long-lasting impact on QOL and emotional status, even after compensation. Uncompensated vestibulopathy has a significant effect on QOL and mental health. Notably, though, the compensated group also showed a reduction in QOL. Appropriate interventions for each category of patients should be provided based on their impaired functions.

Fig 1. Flowchart showing the participant selection process.

KNHANES, Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey; N, number; vHIT, video head impulse test; HTN, hypertension; DM, diabetes mellitus; PTA, pure tone audiometry; HINT-8, Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder 7-item.

Fig 2. HINT-8, GAD-7, and stress (4-point Likert scale) scores by group.

HINT-8, Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder 7-item. *, significant difference between the normal and uncompensated groups; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. @, significant difference between the normal and compensated groups; @, P < 0.05; @@, P < 0.01; @@@, P < 0.001. #, significant difference between the asymptomatic and uncompensated groups; #, P < 0.05; ##, P < 0.01; ###, P < 0.001. $, significant difference between the asymptomatic and compensated groups; $, P < 0.05; $$, P < 0.01; $$$, P < 0.001. &, significant difference between the uncompensated and compensated groups; &, P < 0.05; &&, P < 0.01; &&&, P < 0.001.

Fig 3. Age-and gender-adjusted HINT-8 and GAD-7 scores by group.

HINT-8, Health-related Quality of Life Instrument with 8 Items; GAD-7, General Anxiety Disorder 7-item. *, significant difference between the normal and uncompensated groups; *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001. @, significant difference between the normal and compensated groups; @, P < 0.05; @@, P < 0.01; @@@, P < 0.001. #, significant difference between the asymptomatic and uncompensated groups; #, P < 0.05; ##, P < 0.01; ###, P < 0.001. $, significant difference between the asymptomatic and compensated groups; $, P < 0.05; $$, P < 0.01; $$$, P < 0.001. &, significant difference between the uncompensated and compensated groups; &, P < 0.05; &&, P < 0.01; &&&, P < 0.001.