Device-Measured 24-Hour Movement Behaviors and Blood Pressure: A 6-Part Compositional Individual Participant Data Analysis in the ProPASS Consortium

Abstract

Background: Blood pressure (BP)-lowering effects of structured exercise are well-established. Effects of 24-hour movement behaviors captured in free-living settings have received less attention. This cross-sectional study investigated associations between a 24-hour behavior composition comprising 6 parts (sleeping, sedentary behavior, standing, slow walking, fast walking, and combined exercise-like activity [eg, running and cycling]) and systolic BP (SBP) and diastolic BP (DBP).

Methods: Data from thigh-worn accelerometers and BP measurements were collected from 6 cohorts in the Prospective Physical Activity, Sitting and Sleep consortium (ProPASS) (n=14 761; mean±SD, 54.2±9.6 years). Individual participant analysis using compositional data analysis was conducted with adjustments for relevant harmonized covariates. Based on the average sample composition, reallocation plots examined estimated BP reductions through behavioral replacement; the theoretical benefits of optimal (ie, clinically meaningful improvement in SBP [2 mm Hg] or DBP [1 mm Hg]) and minimal (ie, 5-minute reallocation) behavioral replacements were identified.

Results: The average 24-hour composition consisted of sleeping (7.13±1.19 hours), sedentary behavior (10.7±1.9 hours), standing (3.2±1.1 hours), slow walking (1.6±0.6 hours), fast walking (1.1±0.5 hours), and exercise-like activity (16.0±16.3 minutes). More time spent exercising or sleeping, relative to other behaviors, was associated with lower BP. An additional 5 minutes of exercise-like activity was associated with estimated reductions of -0.68 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.15, -1.21) SBP and -0.54 mm Hg (95% CI, -0.19, 0.89) DBP. Clinically meaningful improvements in SBP and DBP were estimated after 20 to 27 minutes and 10 to 15 minutes of reallocation of time in other behaviors into additional exercise. Although more time spent being sedentary was adversely associated with SBP and DBP, there was minimal impact of standing or walking.

Conclusions: Study findings reiterate the importance of exercise for BP control, suggesting that small additional amounts of exercise are associated with lower BP in a free-living setting.

Keywords: cardiometabolic risk factors; epidemiology; exercise; observational study; sedentary behavior; sleep; walking.

Figure 1.

Estimated change in systolic blood pressure (n=14 761) based on behavioral relocation from the average composition of the population. Sleep (A), sedentary behavior (B), standing (C), slow walking (D), fast walking (E), and combined exercise-like activities (F). Data to the left of the reference line indicate the predicted change in systolic blood pressures if a given behavior were replaced by any of the other behaviors. Data to the right of the reference line indicate the predicted change if a given behavior replaced any of the other behaviors. Model adjusted for sex (reference: female), age (reference: 54.2 years; mean-centered), and cohort (reference: The Maastricht Study). Reallocations are based on baseline systolic blood pressure (SBP; 128.7 mm Hg) expected given the average sample composition (sleep, 7.3 hours; sedentary behavior, 10.9 hours; stand, 3.1 hours; slow walk, 1.5 hours; fast walk, 1.1 hours; and combined exercise-like, 10.9 minutes per day).

Figure 2.

Theoretical change in diastolic blood pressure (n=14 761) based on behavioral relocation from the average behavior composition of the population. Sleep (A), sedentary behavior (B), standing (C), slow walking (D), fast walking (E), and combined exercise-like activity (F). Data to the left of the reference line indicate the predicted change in systolic blood pressures if a given behavior is replaced by any of the other behaviors. Data to the right of the reference line indicate the predicted change if a given behavior replaces any of the other behaviors. Model adjusted for sex (reference: female), age (reference: 54.2 years; mean-centered), and cohort (reference: The Maastricht Study). Reallocations are based on baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP; 76.25 mm Hg) expected given the average sample composition (sleep, 7.3 hours; sedentary behavior, 10.9 hours; stand, 3.1 hours; slow walk, 1.5 hours; fast walk, 1.1 hours; combined exercise-like, 10.9 minutes per day).