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. 2025 May;26(4):506-518.
doi: 10.1007/s11121-024-01746-y. Epub 2024 Nov 7.

Associations Between Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits and Emotion Recognition Abilities in School Children: The Influence of Conduct Problems and Age

Emily C Kemp  1   2 , Julia E Clark  3 , Tatiana M Matlasz  4 , Paul J Frick  5
Affiliations

Associations Between Callous-Unemotional (CU) Traits and Emotion Recognition Abilities in School Children: The Influence of Conduct Problems and Age

Emily C Kemp et al. Prev Sci. 2025 May.

Abstract

Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are associated with severe conduct problems (CP) in youth. Causal theories for CU traits focus on emotion processing deficits that interfere with empathy development. However, though CU traits are consistently associated with deficits in affective empathy (i.e., emotional reactivity), the association between CU traits and cognitive empathy, which requires accurate emotion recognition, is less clear. We hypothesize that past inconsistencies in the associations between CU traits and emotion recognition may be due to interactions with conduct problems (CP) and age. To test this, a sample (N = 258) of school children in the 3rd, 6th, and 8th grades completed a computer task that assessed facial expression recognition, while caregivers and teachers reported on CU traits and CP. Results from hierarchical linear regression analyses indicated significant interactions between CU traits and CP in their associations with overall emotion recognition and with recognition of fearful and sad faces. In each case, CP showed a non-significant negative association with emotion recognition at high levels of CU traits. However, for fear and sadness recognition, CP was positively associated with accuracy at low levels of CU traits. Significant interactions between CU traits and age also emerged for recognition of fear and sadness, such that there were non-significant negative associations between CU traits and recognition accuracy in younger children, but significant positive associations in 8th grade students. These results have multiple implications as they help to clarify past inconsistencies on the association between CU traits and emotion recognition and can aid in the development of more effective interventions to prevent or treat conduct problems in young children.

Keywords: Callous-unemotional (CU) traits; Conduct problems; Developmental trends; Emotion recognition; Empathy development.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics Approval: Study approval was received from the associated institution (Louisiana State University) Institutional Review Board (IRB), along with superintendent and principal approvals from the participating schools of the two school districts in which data was collected, and study procedures were conducted in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent to Participate: All participants provided written consent from parent or legal guardian, followed by youth assent. Conflicts of Interest: None of the authors have actual or potential conflicts of interest to disclose that are related to this research.

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