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Review
. 2025:73:377-404.
doi: 10.1007/7854_2024_536.

Sex Differences in the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety

Katelyn I Oliver  1 , Dasani DelRosario  1 , Jennifer S Stevens  2
Affiliations
Review

Sex Differences in the Neurobiology of Fear and Anxiety

Katelyn I Oliver et al. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2025.

Abstract

Although women are diagnosed with anxiety and stress-related disorders at twice the rate of men, there remains a lack of clarity around how to enhance treatment within each sex to reduce disparate rates of anxiety. However, in recent years, a growing literature has identified neural, cognitive, and physiological mechanisms that contribute to sex differences in fear and anxiety, with the promise of informing tailored treatment approaches. Here, we review recent findings, focusing on human studies among healthy populations as well as among patients with generalized anxiety, social anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder. The literature reveals nuanced differences in the types of stimuli that preferentially evoke anxiety and stress responses in women and men, as well as sex differences in threat neurocircuitry that mediates the behavioral, physiological, and subjective components of fear and anxiety.

Keywords: Anxiety; Brain; Fear; Sex differences; Stress.

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