Evaluation of Antivenom Therapy for Middle East Scorpion Envenomations

Abstract

Introduction: Scorpion envenomation is a leading cause of envenomation in our region. Antivenom has been used successfully to treat the systemic manifestations of envenomations inflicted by toxic scorpions. Toxic scorpions common in our area include Leiurus quinquestriatus , Androctonus australis , and Buthus occitanus . This study describes the outcomes of children envenomated by these scorpions, and treated with SCORPIFAV, a polyvalent scorpion antivenom F(ab') 2 (equine), used since 2016 at our institution.

Methods: A retrospective chart review of all children admitted with symptoms and signs of scorpion envenomation to Soroka University Medical Center, between September 1, 2019, and December 1, 2020, who received antivenom SCORPIFAV. Our center has a protocol mandating antivenom therapy for all patients manifesting autonomic excitation, agitation, and anxiety, or more pronounced symptoms, following suspected scorpion envenomation.

Results: Three hundred patients were seen in the pediatric emergency department for scorpion envenomation during the study period, and 49 required antivenom (SCORPIFAV) as per departmental policy. Four of 49 developed allergic reactions during antivenom treatment: 2 manifested minor skin rashes treated with antihistamines only, and a further 2 required intramuscular adrenaline. There were no deaths in the study cohort and all patients recovered fully, with complete resolution of symptoms, signs, and laboratory features.

Conclusions: Patients treated with antivenom exhibited rapid resolution of symptoms without severe hypersensitivity. We recommend broadened availability of antivenom at sites where it is needed.