Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2024 Oct 22;10(21):e39703.
doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39703. eCollection 2024 Nov 15.

Identification and determination of usnic acid and fatty acid from various lichen species in arequipa, Peru, as well as antibacterial and antioxidant capacity

Fernando Carrasco  1   2 , Wilfredo Hernández  1 , Nino Castro  2 , Marco Guerrero  2 , Carmen Tamariz-Angeles  3 , Percy Olivera-Gonzales  3 , Daniel Echevarría-Rodríguez  4 , Cesar Raposo  5 , Lúcia A Silva  6 , Jesus M Rodilla  6
Affiliations

Identification and determination of usnic acid and fatty acid from various lichen species in arequipa, Peru, as well as antibacterial and antioxidant capacity

Fernando Carrasco et al. Heliyon. .

Abstract

Seven species of lichens such us Umbilicaria aff. calvescens, Hypotrachyna enderythraea, Punctelia graminicola, Cladonia chlorophaea, Xanthoparmelia farinose, Psiloparmelia distincta (rock and tree substrates; rs and ts), and Usnea durietzii were collected from the province of Arequipa - Peru. Their usnic acid (UA) and fatty acid (FA) amounts in methanol-acetone were determined by High-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) and Gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). The antimicrobial activities of these extracts were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC strains (43300, 29213, 25923 and 700699), Escherichia coli strains (O157:H7 and ATCC 10536), Salmonella enterica sv typhimurium ATCC 14028, Candida albicans ATCC 90028 and Candida. tropicalis ATCC 750T. In addition, antioxidant capacity was also studied by Total phenolic content (TPC), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical, 2,2-Azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic Acid (ABTS) radical cation and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays. The UA contents in all the studied lichen species varied between 0.017 and 0.304 %. Among all the tested extracts, Usnea durietzii had the highest total FA concentration (5.81 mg/g). P. distincta (rs) was active against S. aureus strains (MIC = 0.02-0.2 mg/mL) as well as C. albicans (MIC = 4 mg/mL) and C. tropicalis (MIC = 3 mg/mL). P. distincta (ts) displayed moderate total phenol content (TPC = 29.1 ± 1.6 mg GAE/g) and antioxidant capacity evidenced by scavenging DPPH (IC50 = 1.45 ± 0.03 mg/mL) and ABTS (18.2 ± 0.2 mg TE/g) radicals, but it showed high values of FRAP (1953 ± 87 μM Fe2+/g). Our findings indicate that P. distincta (rs) could be considered as a potential antimicrobial metabolites source whereas P. distincta (ts) and Puntelia graminicole for polyphenols with antioxidant compound.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Chromatograms of the (a) pure standard compound (usnic acid (UA)) and (b) extracted sample were recorded at 285.4 nm.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Lichens collected from Arequipa province of Peru: A. Umbilicaria aff. calvescens, B. Hypotrachyna enderythraea, C. Punctelia graminicola, D. Cladonia chlorophaea, E. Xanthoparmelia farinose, F. Psiloparmelia distincta (rock substrate), G. P. distincta (tree substrate), and H. Usnea durietzii.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Calibration curve of UA (standard) under HPLC conditions.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Antimicrobial activities by diffusion methodology of different lichen extracts in MeOH:(CH3)2CO (1:1). A. Anti-staphylococcus aureus activity; B. Anti E. coli activity; C. Anti Candidal activity. Letters represent the different groups according to Duncan's test (P < 0.05). Symbol (∗): substrate rocks; symbol (∗∗): substrate tree.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Inhibition halos obtained for the eight lichen extracts in MeOH:(CH3)2CO (1:1) assessed against the Staphylococcus aureus strain.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Antioxidant capacities, and total phenolic content of the different lichen extracts in MeOH:(CH3)2CO (1:1). A. TPC, B. DPPH, C. ABTS, and D. FRAP. Symbol (∗): substrate rocks; symbol (∗∗): substrate tree. Values correspond to means ± SD of three replicates. Letters indicate the significance differences between each samples according to Duncan's test (P < 0.05).
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Reis R.A., Iacomini M., James Gorin P.A., De Souza L.M., Grube M., Cortes Cordeiro L.M., Sassaki G.L. Fatty acid composition of the tropical lichen Teloschistes flavicans and its cultivated symbionts. FEMS (Fed. Eur. Microbiol. Soc.) Microbiol. Lett. 2005;247(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/j.femsle.2005.04.023. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Torres-Benítez A., Rivera-Montalvo M., Sepúlveda B., Castro O.N., Nagles E., Simirgiotis M.J., Areche C. Metabolomic analysis of two Parmotrema lichens: P. robustum (degel.) Hale and P. andinum (mull. Rg.) Hale using UHPLC-ESI-OT-MS-MS. Molecules. 2017;22(11):1–12. doi: 10.3390/molecules22111861. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Castro O.N., Olivio, Benites J., Rodilla J., Santiago J.C., Simirgiotis M., Sepulveda B., Areche C. Metabolomic analysis of the lichen Everniopsis trulla using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-OT-MS) Chromatographia. 2017;80(6):967–973. doi: 10.1007/s10337-017-3304-4. - DOI
    1. Honda N.K., Vilegas W. A química dos líquens [A two-lichen chemistry] Quím. Nova. 1999;22(1):110–125. doi: 10.1590/S0100-40421999000100018. - DOI
    1. Dertien B.K., De Kok L.J., Kuiper P.J.C. Lipid and fatty acid composition of tree‐growing and terrestrial lichens. Physiol. Plantarum. 1997;40(3):175–180. doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.1977.tb04053.x. - DOI

LinkOut - more resources