Sex-related differences in the presentation, management and response to treatment of eosinophilic esophagitis: Cross sectional analysis of EoE CONNECT registry

Abstract

Background: Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) predominantly affects males across all ages; however, little is known about sex differences for other aspects of EoE.

Objective: To investigate associations between sex and clinical presentation, endoscopic features, treatment choice and response in EoE patients in real-world practice.

Methods: Cross-sectional analysis of the multicenter EoE CONNECT registry. The independent contribution of patients' sex and other relevant variables were statistically assessed by multivariate models.

Results: A total of 2976 patients (76% male) were evaluated. Males were diagnosed at a younger age compared to females (32.7 ± 14.8 vs. 34.8 ± 15.6 years, respectively; p = 0.002) with similar diagnostic delay. EoE symptoms varied significantly between sexes, with food impaction predominating in males and dysphagia, heartburn, regurgitation and abdominal and epigastric pain in females. However, female sex contributed to higher symptom severity at diagnosis as measured with Dysphagia Symptom Score (R² = 0.57; p = 0.013) and presented higher peak eosinophil count in esophageal biopsies (p = 0.005). Males showed increased risk of stricturing or mixed phenotypes (adjusted OR 1.43, 95%CI:1.05-1.96; p = 0.024). No association was found between patients' sex and first-line treatment modality: proton pump inhibitors (PPI) were preferred over topical corticosteroids in patients with inflammatory phenotypes instead of stricturing or mixed phenotypes, and in patients who did not present food impaction. Both topical corticosteroids and dietary interventions were preferred over PPI in pediatric patients regardless of sex.

Conclusions: Sex is associated with clinical and phenotypical presentation of EoE at diagnosis, with more fibrotic findings in males but higher symptom score in females.

Keywords: allergy; corticosteroids; eosinophilic esophagitis; epidemiology; gender; proton pump inhibitors; sex.

FIGURE 1

(a) Male:female ratio across ages for the four categories used in this study. (b) Differences in endoscopic total EREFS score and inflammatory and fibrotic subscores between male and female patients with EoE. (c) Sex‐related differences in peak eosinophil count per high‐power field in esophageal biopsies at the point of EoE diagnosis. (d) Differences in Dysphagia Symptom Score in male and female patients at the time of diagnosis of EoE.